Pharmacy Foundations I: Basic Science

Question 1

Muscarinic receptor Agonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 1

pilocarpine, bethanechol

↑ SLUDD

Question 2

Muscarinic receptor Antagonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 2

atropine, oxybutynin

↓ SLUDD

Question 3

Nicotinic receptor Agonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 3

nicotine

↑ HR, BP

Question 4

Nicotinic receptor Antagonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 4

neuromuscular blockers (e.g., rocuronium)

causes neuromuscular blockade

Question 5

Alpha-1 receptor Agonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 5

phenylephrine, dopamine

smooth muscle vasoconstriction, ↑ BP

Question 6

Alpha-1 receptor Antagonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 6

doxazosin, carvedilol, phentolamine
smooth muscle vasodilation, ↓ BP

Question 7

Alpha-2 receptor Agonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 7

clonidine, brimonidine (ophthalmic)

↓ release of epinephrine and NE, ↓ BP, HR

Question 8

Alpha-2 receptor Antagonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 8

ergot alkaloids, yohimbine

↑ BP, HR

Question 9

Beta-1 receptor Agonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 9

dobutamine, isoproterenol, dopamine

↑ myocardial contractility, CO, HR

Question 10

Beta-1 receptor Antagonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 10

beta-1 selective blockers (atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol)
non-selective beta blockers (propranolol, carvedilol, labetalol, nadolol)

↓ CO, HR

Question 11

Beta-2 receptor Agonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 11

albuterol, terbutaline, isoproterenol

bronchodilation

Question 12

Beta-2 receptor Antagonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 12

non-selective beta blockers (propranolol, carvedilol, labetalol, nadolol)

bronchoconstriction

Question 13

Dopamine receptor Agonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 13

levodopa, pramipexole

many, including renal, cardiac, CNS

Question 14

Dopamine receptor Antagonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 14

1st-gen antipsychotics, metoclopramide

many, including renal, cardiac, CNS

Question 15

Serotonin receptor Agonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 15

triptans (e.g., sumatriptan)

many, including platelet, GI, psychiatric

Question 16

Serotonin receptor Antagonists: examples, action/effect

Answer 16

ondansetron, 2nd-gen antipsychotics

many, including platelet, GI, psychiatric

Question 17

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and drug action

Answer 17

donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine

blocks acetylcholinesterase, resulting in ↑ ACh levels; used for Alzheimer’s

Question 18

ACE inhibitors, and drug action

Answer 18

-pril

inhibit conversion of angiotensin I to II, resulting in ↓ vasoconstriction and ↓ aldosterone secretion

Question 19

COMT inhibitors, and drug action

Answer 19

entacapone

prevents breakdown of levodopa, resulting in ↑ duration of action of levodopa; used for Parkinson’s

Question 20

COX inhibitors, and drug action

Answer 20

NSAIDs

↓ prostaglandins and thromboxane A2

Question 21

MAO inhibitors, and drug action

Answer 21

phenelzine, isocarboxazid, tranylcypromine, selegiline, rasagiline

↓ catecholamine levels

Question 22

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, and drug action

Answer 22

sildenafil, tadalafil

competitively bind to same active site as cGMP on the PDE-5 enzyme, preventing cGMP breakdown and prolonging smooth muscle relaxation

Question 23

Vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibitor, and drug action

Answer 23

warfarin

↓ production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X

Question 24

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, and drug action

Answer 24

allopurinol

↓ uric acid production; used for gout attacks

Question 25

Celecoxib is contraindicated in patients with a hx of hypersensitivity to ___

Answer 25

sulfonamides (celecoxib has sulfonamide functional group structure)

Question 26

What color do drugs become when oxidized?

Answer 26

pink/reddish epinephrine: amber (yellow/orange)

Question 27

What molecular structures are most likely to oxidize?

Answer 27

those with hydroxyl (-OH) groups

Question 28

How to prevent oxidation?

Answer 28

light protection - amber glass temperature control antioxidants (free radical scavengers) - ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherols (vitamin E) chelating agents - EDTA, edetic acid pH control - buffer

Question 29

What molecular structures are most likely to hydrolyze?

Answer 29

esters, amides, lactams (each has carbonyl component, C=O)

Question 30

How to prevent hydrolysis?

Answer 30

desiccants: adsorbs moisture that enters container

Question 31

What drugs are sensitive to light?

Answer 31

ascorbic acid, folic acid, nitroprusside, phytonadione injection