Regions of the pharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
What is found anteriorly, inferiorly and superiorly to the nasopharynx?
- A = nasal cavity
- I = soft palate
- S = sphenoid bone + basilar part of occipital bone
What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx and what are its function?
- Pharyngotympanic tube
- Allows for pressure in ears to be equalised
- Drains gunk from middle ear
What are the different tonsils?
- Pharyngeal tonsil
- Tubal tonsils
- Palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsil
Where is the pharyngeal tonsil found?
In the roof of the nasopharynx
Where are the tubal tonsils found?
In the mucosal lining surrounding the opening of the pharyngotympanic tubes
What structures extend posteriorly and inferiorly from the tubal tonsils in the lateral wall?
Salpingopharyngeal folds
What is found superiorly, laterally and inferiorly to the oropharynx?
- S = soft palate
- L = palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
- I = base of the tongue
Where are the palatine tonsils found?
Between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
Where is the lingual tonsil found?
On the posterior third of the tongue
What is the ring formed by all the tonsils?
Waldeyer’s ring
What is found anteriorly to the laryngopharynx?
Larynx
What forms the superior and inferior borders of the laryngopharynx?
- SB = superior border of epiglottis
- IB = inferior border of cricoid cartilage
What opening connects the pharynx and larynx?
Laryngeal inlet
3 constrictor muscles of pharynx
- Superior constrictor
- Middle constrictor
- Inferior constrictor
Anterior and posterior attachments of the superior constrictor
- A = pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, mandible, side of tongue
- P = pharyngeal tubercle, pharyngeal raphe
Anterior and posterior attachments of the middle constrictor
- A = stylohyoid ligament, greater and lesser horns of hyoid bone
- P = pharyngeal raphe
Anterior and posterior attachments of the inferior constrictor
- A = oblique line of thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
- P = pharyngeal raphe
Motor innervation of 3 constrictor muscles
- Via pharyngeal plexus (formed of vagus + glossopharyngeal)
- Primarily vagus supplying constrictors
3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
- Stylopharyngeus
- Salpingopharyngeus
- Palatopharyngeus
What do the 3 longitudinal muscles run between?
- Stylo = from styloid process to thyroid cartilage
- Salpingo = from cartilaginous ending of pharyngotympanic tube to unite with palatopharyngeus
- Palato = from hard palate and palatine aponeurosis to thyroid cartilage and oesophagus
Motor innervation of 3 longitudinal muscles
- Via pharyngeal plexus
- Salpingo + palato = vagus nerve
- Stylo = glossopharyngeal nerve
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Drainage of Paranasal Sinuses11
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Pharynx22
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Bony Structure of the Nasal Cavity14
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Blood Supply, Venous Drainage and Sensory Innervation of the Nasal Cavity10
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Why do we breathe? (PK1)8
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The Movement of Gases (PK1)7
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Pressures and Partial Pressures (PK1)4
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Dead Space (PK1)8
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Alveolar Ventilation (PK1)4
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The Work of Breathing (PK2)9
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How are the Lungs and Thorax coupled? (PK2)4
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Pleural Pressure and Breathing (PK2)6
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Lung and Thoracic Cage Compliance (PK2)4
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Total System Compliance and Pneumothorax (PK2)8
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Basic Topography of the Upper Respiratory Tract: Nasal cavity, Paranasal Sinuses and Pharynx (AP)45
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The Larynx: Functional Anatomy of Respiration and Phonation: Cartilages and Framework (AP)26
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Functional Anatomy of Respiration and Phonation: Cartilages and Framework28
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Functional Anatomy of Respiration and Phonation: Musculature and Innervation26
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Bony Structure of the Thorax13
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Muscles that move the Ribs16
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Lungs13
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Clinical Considerations of Lungs and Pleura7
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The Larynx: Functional Anatomy of Respiration and Phonation: Laryngeal Musculature and Innervation (AP)19
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Basic Topography of the Lower Respiratory Tract: Thoracic cavity, Diaphragm and Surface Anatomy (AP)23
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Elastic Properties of the Lung and Thoracic Cage (PK3)3
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Surface Tension (PK3)3
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Surfactant (PK3)8
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Lung Compliance and Disease (PK3)6
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Respiratory Dynamics: Resistance to Airflow (PK3)11
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Airway Resistance (PK3)5
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Determination of Alveolar PCO2 (PK4)11
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The Alveolar Gas Equation (PK4)3
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Movement of Gases across the Lung (PK4)4
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Uptake of O2 across the Alveolar-Capillary Membrane (PK4)6
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Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity: Health (PK4)3
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Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity: Disease (PK4)7
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Basic Topography of the Lower Respiratory Tract: Lungs and Pleura (AP)15
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Alveolar-Arterial (A-a) PO2 Difference (PK5)6
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Right-Left (R-L) Shunts (PK5)4
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V/Q Mismatch: Distribution of Ventilation through the Lung (PK5)4
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V/Q Mismatch: Distribution of Blood Flow (Perfusion) through the Lung (PK5)14
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The Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) Ratio (PK5)6
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Physiological Adjustment of V/Q Ratio (PK5)3
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Increased V/Q Mismatch in Lung Disease causes Low PaO2 (PK5)4
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Carriage of O2 - Importance of Haemoglobin (PK6)2
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The Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve (PK6)7
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Functional Effects of Haemoglobin (PK6)8
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The O2 Capacity of Blood (PK6)5
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Variations of Haemoglobin (PK6)10
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Hypoxia (PK6)10
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Carriage of CO2 (PK7)6
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Movement of CO2 between Tissues and Blood (PK7)7
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CO2 Dissociation Curve (PK7)3
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CO2 and Acid-Base Balance (PK7)4
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Acidosis and Alkalosis (PK7)7
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Overview of Respiratory Control (i) (PK8)3
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Overview of Respiratory Control (ii) (PK8)5
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The Respiratory Rhythm is Driven by a Neural Rhythm (PK8)1
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Generation of the Respiratory Rhythm (PK8)8
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Special Situations (PK8)4
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Nerves Associated with Respiration (AP)19
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Histology of the Respiratory System19
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Peripheral Chemoreceptors (PK9)6
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Stimulus-Response of Carotid Body (PK9)4
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Central Chemoreceptors (PK9)7
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The Response to Chemoreceptor Stimulation (PK9)5
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Pulmonary (mechanical) Receptors: 1. Rapidly Adapting Irritant Receptors (PK9)6
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Pulmonary (mechanical) Receptors: 2. Slowing Adapting 'Stretch' Receptors (PK9)4
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Pulmonary (mechanical) Receptors: 3. J-type (Juxtacapillary) or C-Fibre Receptors (PK9)3
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PK1018
