Philo

Question 1

What are the two criteria for death according to the Uniform Determination of Death Act?

Answer 1

1. Irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions.
   
   2. Irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem.

Question 2

When was the medical definition of death approved by the AMA and ABA?

Answer 2

Approved by the American Medical Association (1980) and American Bar Association (1981).

Question 3

What is the meaning of “death” in medical terms?

Answer 3

Permanent cessation of all vital bodily functions — total cerebral, respiratory, and circulatory activity.

Question 4

What is brain death?

Answer 4

Irreversible brain damage marked by:
• Absolute unresponsiveness to stimuli,
• No spontaneous muscle or respiratory activity,
• Flat EEG (isoelectric) for 30 minutes,
• No hypothermia or CNS depressant effects.

Question 5

Under which law is the legal definition of death stated?

Answer 5

Organ Donation Act of 1991 (Republic Act 7170).

Question 6

According to RA 7170, when is a person medically and legally dead?

Answer 6

• When there is irreversible cessation of all brain functions, confirmed by both consulting and attending physicians,
• When resuscitation or continued support cannot restore natural functions.

Question 7

What determines the time of death under RA 7170?

Answer 7

Death is deemed to have occurred when the irreversible cessation of brain functions first appears.

Question 8

What does the practice of ritual burials among early humans suggest?

Answer 8

Belief in life after death or survival beyond death.

Question 10

What are archaeological evidences of ritual burials?

Answer 10

1. Unique corpse positioning (e.g., fetal position)
   
   2. Painting or covering corpses with stones/plants
   3. Clothing and jewelry decoration
   4. Burial with “grave goods” like tools or ornaments

Question 11

What is “Sheol” in Hebrew Scriptures?

Answer 11

The place where the dead go; spirits or ghosts may be raised (e.g., I Samuel 28).

Question 12

How is the afterlife depicted in The Iliad and The Odyssey?

Answer 12

The dead go to Hades, the underworld — “There remains even in Hades a spirit and phantom of the dead, but there is no life within it.”