Philosophy Summative

Question 1

• Concerned with the nature of reality, existence, and the fundamental nature of things.
• From Greek meta (beyond) + physika (nature).

Answer 1

Metaphysics

Question 2

• Study of the nature and scope of knowledge, belief, and justification.
• From Greek epistēmē (knowledge/understanding).

Answer 2

Epistemology

Question 3

• Study of moral principles; examines right and wrong, good and bad.
• From Greek ēthos (character/custom).

Answer 3

Ethics

Question 4

• Study of valid reasoning and argumentation.
• From Greek logos (reason/argument).

Answer 4

Logic

Question 5

• Study of beauty, art, taste, and their appreciation.
• From Greek aisthesis (perception/sensation).

Answer 5

Aesthetics

Question 6

Study of the nature, origins, and functioning of the mind and consciousness.

Answer 6

Philosophy of Mind

Question 7

Study of the nature, origin, and use of language; how meaning is constructed and communicated.

Answer 7

Philosophy of Language

Question 8

• Study of the foundations, methods, and implications of science.
• From Latin scientia (knowledge).

Answer 8

Philosophy of Science

Question 9

• Study of the nature, purpose, and methods of historical inquiry.
• From Greek historia (inquiry/investigation).

Answer 9

Philosophy of History

Question 10

• Study of government, justice, rights, and political authority.
• From Greek politikos (relating to citizens).

Answer 10

Political Philosophy

Question 11

The way an individual views or interprets a situation, concept, or the world.

Answer 11

Perspective

Question 12

Viewpoint from which an object is observed.

Answer 12

Visual perspective

Question 13

Point of view or attitude influenced by thoughts/emotions.

Answer 13

Mental/Cognitive perspective

Question 14

Understanding shaped by cultural or historical context.

Answer 14

Social/Cultural perspective

Question 15

A way of thinking about the world, made up of personal views and beliefs.

Answer 15

Framework

Question 16

Deal with correctness and values within a framework.

Answer 16

Internal Questions

Question 17

Question the very framework itself.

Answer 17

External Questions

Question 18

Looking at the whole system, considering interconnections and context.

Answer 18

Holistic Thinking

Question 19

Focusing only on specific parts/details of a problem.

Answer 19

Partial Thinking

Question 20

Process of actively thinking about experiences to gain insight and improve understanding.

Answer 20

Reflection

Question 21

Clear awareness and understanding of something, based on facts.

Answer 21

Knowledge

Question 22

A proposition or statement observed to be truthful or real.

Answer 22

Fact

Question 23

A statement presented as true but not immediately evident.

Answer 23

Claim

Question 24

A personal view or judgment, often without strong evidence.

Answer 24

Opinion

Question 25

Something accepted as true by a person, with or without proof.

Answer 25

Belief

Question 26

A judgment or decision reached after reasoning.

Answer 26

Conclusion

Question 27

A statement that clarifies why or how something happens.

Answer 27

Explanation

Question 28

A set of statements where premises support a conclusion.

Answer 28

Argument

Question 29

A flaw in reasoning that undermines the logical validity of an argument. Invalid reasoning, misleading/deceptive, irrelevant distractions, ambiguous/vague terms.

Answer 29

Fallacy

Question 30

Misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack.

Answer 30

Strawman

Question 31

Attacking the person instead of the argument.

Answer 31

Ad Hominem

Question 32

Arguing that a relatively small first step will inevitably lead to a chain of negative event.

Answer 32

Slippery Slope

Question 33

Relying on the opinion of an authority figure, even if it's irrelevant.

Answer 33

Appeal to Authority

Question 34

Presenting two options as the only possibilities when more exist.

Answer 34

False Dichotomy

Question 35

The conclusion is restated in the premises, offering no new information.

Answer 35

Circular Reasoning

Question 36

Making a broad statement based on limited or biased evidence.

Answer 36

Hasty Generalization

Question 37

Introducing an irrelevant topic to divert attention from the main issue.

Answer 37

Red Herring

Question 38

Manipulating emotions rather than presenting logical arguments.

Answer 38

Appeal to Emotion

Question 39

Assuming something is true because many people believe it.

Answer 39

Bandwagon

Question 40

Denying a claim because you can’t believe it can possibly be true.

Answer 40

Argument from Incredulity

Question 41

Study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially as an academic discipline. From Greek Philia (love) + Sophia (wisdom).

Answer 41

Philosophy

Question 42

Tendency to favor information that confirms one's existing beliefs.

Answer 42

Confirmation Bias

Question 43

Relying heavily on the first piece of information encountered.

Answer 43

Anchoring Bias

Question 44

Judging the likelihood of events based on readily available information.

Answer 44

Availability Heuristic

Question 45

Assigning causes to others’ behavior based on personal biases.

Answer 45

Attribution Bias

Question 46

Overestimating one’s own abilities or knowledge.

Answer 46

Overconfidence Bias

Question 47

Adopting beliefs or behaviors because others are doing the same.

Answer 47

Bandwagon Effect

Question 48

The tendency to see events as having been predictable after they happen.

Answer 48

Hindsight Bias

Question 49

Favoring members of one’s own group over outsiders.

Answer 49

In-group Bias

Question 50

Taking credit for positive outcomes and blaming others for failures.

Answer 50

Self-serving Bias

Question 51

Continuing an endeavor because of the time or money already invested, rather than the current value of continuing.

Answer 51

Sunk Cost Fallacy

Question 52

Feeling of being perplexed

Answer 52

Wonder