Phonetics I

Question 1

Define Mental grammar

Answer 1

a system of rules and patterns in the mind that describes a language
= trying to understand what kinds of rules

Question 2

goal of linguistics

Answer 2

to understand form, acquisition and use of such mental grammars

Question 3

articulatory phonetics

Answer 3

produce speech sounds
How sounds produced physiologically via apparatus we have

Question 4

language forms

Answer 4

their physical properties
- in spoken language = sounds, sign language = has same pieces but diff modality

Question 5

acoustic phonetics

Answer 5

physical properties of sound waves

Question 6

auditory phonetics

Answer 6

phsyiology of how sounds are perceived

Question 7

what do sounds consist of

Answer 7

variances in air pressure that stimulate the ear
Ear converts them into signals sent into the brain

Question 8

where are speech sounds produced in all spoken languages

Answer 8

speech sounds are produced entirely within the respiratory tract - mouth to lungs

Question 9

how is acoustic quality of sound determined

Answer 9

by manner in which sound is produced

Question 10

how are sounds produced = components

Answer 10

airflow source (push air in same direction - lungs) —> Vibration (vocal chords) —> filters that change sound quality —> produce diff sounds

Question 11

human Sounds

Answer 11

lungs —> larynx—> vocal tract —>human sounds

Question 12

supralaryngeal vocal tract =

Answer 12

nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx

Question 13

how are sounds generated

Answer 13

lungs generate air flow - in pulmonic sounds
All sounds made from lungs in English

Question 14

How are odd sounds generated

Answer 14

(Sounds not in English = glottalic, velaric)
Implosives, clicks, ejectives
Works with air trapped

Question 15

sound source

Answer 15

vocal folds in larynx

Question 16

Glottis

Answer 16

opening bewteen vocal folds

Question 17

Name the 2 basic categories of manipulation that produce sounds

Answer 17

phonation
Articulation

Question 18

phonation

Answer 18

action of vocal folds as air passes through the glottis

Question 19

articulation

Answer 19

action by upper articulatory organs = alter path in vocal tract
- modulates sound, otherwise only one noise tone

Question 20

what contributes greatly to quality of sound produced

Answer 20

action of vocal folds = voiced or voiceless sounds

Question 21

Voiceless sounds

Answer 21

Vocal folds being relaxed as air passes through glottis
Open glottis, shh
No vocal fold vibration

Question 22

voiced sounds

Answer 22

prodcued when vocal folds become tense and close together - air flow then pushes the glottis open - as air passes through glottis = vocal folds vibrate - causes air to vibrate at a regular frequency - creating perceptible sound
Buh-duh-zoo
Vocal fold vibration

Question 23

how do vocal cords vibrate even tho not msucles

Answer 23

Bc Of same mechanisms that allow airplanes to fly
= Bernoulli effect

Question 24

Bernoulli effect

Answer 24

moving air creates low air pressure
Objects move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
air moves in —> high pressure —> push together then Low pressure air = air moves them apart
Not tensing any msucles or anything - just happens bc of effect of air

Question 25

what does articulation involve

Answer 25

partial obstruction of vocal tract like phonation Can also change air flow path

Question 26

articulation of consonant can be broken down into

Answer 26

place of articulation Manner of articulation

Question 27

place of articulation = consonant

Answer 27

Where aritcualtor is used = where in vocal tract Position of vocal tract where narrowing happens

Question 28

Manner of articulation = consonant

Answer 28

Different degrees of obstruction = how narrow

Question 29

articulators

Answer 29

Involves 2 articulators coming together to form obstruction Usually an active articulator and a passive articulator

Question 30

place of articulation = consonant = bilabial

Answer 30

At lips Pop, bob, mom

Question 31

place of articulation = consonant = labiodental

Answer 31

Upper teeth usually and lower lip Fife, vee

Question 32

place of articulation = consonant = interdental

Answer 32

Tong tip between the teeth Thigh, thy

Question 33

place of articulation = consonant = alveolar

Answer 33

Tongue and alveolar ridge Tea, Dee, knee

Question 34

place of articulation = consonant = post alveolar

Answer 34

Tongue behind alveolar ridge Shoe, judge

Question 35

place of articulation = consonant = palatal

Answer 35

Tongue and hard palate You

Question 36

place of articulation = consonant = velar

Answer 36

Tongue + Velum - soft palate Gag, sing

Question 37

place of articulation = consonant = glottal

Answer 37

At glottis He, _uh-_oh

Question 38

manner of articulation of consonants involves =

Answer 38

Indicates how air flow is constricted 3 basic levels of closure

Question 39

manner of articulation of consonants = 3 basic levels of closure

Answer 39

Total closure of vocal tract Nearly total closure of vocal tract - producing turbulence - frication Minor closure of vocal tract without turbulence

Question 40

effect of stops

Answer 40

2 effects = Can redirect airflow to nasal cavity = nasal stops OR Can cause build up of pressure with release - oral stops = plosives Pressure behind closure —> then burst of air bc open now

Question 41

nasal stops

Answer 41

Sum, sun, sung

Question 42

plosives

Answer 42

Pet, bet, keg

Question 43

aspiration

Answer 43

Voiceless stops in English = often aspirated, extra bit of exhalation Release of stop closure followed by burst of air Superscript h

Question 44

partial closure with turbulence

Answer 44

Fricatives- sounds produced by frication Friction is near closure of vocal tract = results in turbulent airflow = causes noise Fat, hot, azure, Asher, zoo, sure, thigh, thy

Question 45

affricatives

Answer 45

Total + partial closure Some sounds involve full stop which transitions into frication Church, judge

Question 46

approximants

Answer 46

Partial closure without turbulence Speech sounds which involve some closure of the vocal tract but not enough to produce frication With, red, yellow

Question 47

Are plosives voiced or voiceless

Answer 47

Voiced or voiceless

Question 48

Are nasals voiced or voiceless

Answer 48

almost always voiced

Question 49

Are fricatives voiced or voiceless

Answer 49

Voiced or voiceless

Question 50

Are affricates voiced or voiceless

Answer 50

Voiced or voiceless

Question 51

Are approximants voiced or voiceless

Answer 51

Almost always voiced

Question 52

which types of articulations involve noise or no noise etc

Answer 52

Aproximants and nasals = involve no noise Stops and frictaives = create noise, if no phonation = still audible

Question 53

voiceless aprroximants

Answer 53

English used to have one Some ppl still ahve but rare - like quip = Whip, wuhip

Question 54

How are laterals produced - by airflow

Answer 54

Air can Flow through mouth - articulation can affect how it flows Through, mouth, nose or both

Question 55

Compare centrals vs laterals

Answer 55

Centrals = air flows straight through usually, air flows through middle of mouth Laterals = makes air go around tongue,- side of mouth, due to obstruction in middle - by tongue, ex = luh

Question 56

describe laterals in English

Answer 56

Involve a stop in centre of mouth with side of mouth open Depending on how open side of mouth is = laterals cna be frictaives or approximants = in English - one lateral approximants = lateral

Question 57

what do we need to knwo when describing consonants

Answer 57

Voicing = voiced or voiceless Place of articulation = bilabial… Manner of articulation = stop, frictaives…

Question 58

transcription = what

Answer 58

How can we write tehse sounds down

Question 59

transcription = why is English no good

Answer 59

Orthography - spelling is bad = letter can correspond to more than one sound, and a sound can have more than one spelling = can’t represent what we actually saying Also need to repsnet non English lanaguegs

Question 60

phonetic symbols

Answer 60

Short hand representation for a sound description

Question 61

relationship between symbols to sounds

Answer 61

1:1 correspondence Exactly one symbol for each sound and each sound has exactly one symbol

Question 62

ipa

Answer 62

International phoentic alphabet Standardized a phablet for transcribing speech sounds used in natural language Phonetic symbols written between [ ]