Are pʰ and p (like in spoon) phonemes of English?
No, they’re allophones
- Doesn’t change the meaning, just sounds weird
- They are phonemes in Thai - paa with the puff and paa without it mean different things
Why is the pʰ an elsewhere case in English?
No special conditions are needed for it to happen
What is the special condition needed for ‘p’ without the puff to occur in English?
Consonant before it + **no vowels inbetween **
i.e in a ‘cluster’
What does** ~ above a vowel** mean in phonetic transcription?
Nasal vowel
Where does a nasal ‘i’ occur in English?
Before a** nasal consonant ** (eg ‘m’) in the same **syllable **
eg. beam (the ‘i’ sound = nasal)
‘be made’ - no nasal ‘i’
Different syllables - doesn’t happen
What does the black ‘snow’ mean on a phonetic analysis computer diagram?
High frequency energy - not nasal
What does grey ‘snow’ on a phonetic analysis computer diagram?
Nasal vowel
What is assimilation?
When a sound gets a quality from those surrounding it.
What is regressive assimilation?
A** nasal consonant **gives nasal quality to vowel
In regressive assimilation with consonants…
a stop or fricative has the same voicing as the one** immediately after**
Regressive assimilation:
A voiceless consonant + a voiced consonant =
1st consonant is voiced
eg. avec Jean the ‘c’ becomes ‘g’
Regressive assimilation:
With a voiced consonant and a voiceless consonant…
The 1st consonant is voiceless
eg obtenir b- p
What happens when you have two voiced/voiceless consonants together in assimilation?
No change
avec Paul ‘c’ and ‘p’ voiceless
abdominaux ‘b’ and ‘d’ - voiced
In progressive assimilation…
The nasal, vowel or semivowel ** has the same voicing as the consonant before** it
**semivowel/glide ** - like ‘ui’
If the consonant before it is voiceless, what happens to the vowel?
The nasal, l, semivowel is voiceless
eg quoi - w sound = voiceless
puis - ‘ui’ is voiceless
For example, where would the voicelessness be in plat, toi and puis?
- plat - l
- toi - w sound
- puis - ui sound
What do we do in phonetic transcription to indicate voicelessness?
Put a circle above/below
What are some characteristics of e-muet ?
- Not pronounced (unless emphasised/Southern French)
- End of syllables, sometimes words
Either you say ‘e’ or nothing
“either it’s pronounced as a full vowel, or under
certain precise circumstances it disappears entirely”
(Battye et al. 2000: 85)
What is the term for when all the **words in a sentence **sound like **one, long word **?
Intonational phrase
Note: take fluent speech into consideration
What does e-muet look like in IPA?
[ə]
Note: Other symbols like it - e in different position
What are the 3 positions of e-muet?
- Intonational phrase initial
- Intonational phrase medial - middle
- Intonational phrase final - end
What usually happens to e-muet at the end of a sentence and what is the exception?
Usually deleted
* Exception - in one syllable, in a stressed word
eg. ‘e’ in dis-le ! pronounced - emphasis
In the intonational phrase initial position, why is e-muet in selon moi pronounced?
- After the 1st consonant
- In **1st syllable **
What happens to the e-muet **before a vowel **in the intonational-phrase initial position and what is the exception?
- Deleted, even when **normally there **
- Exception * h aspiré*
le + homme = l’homme
Like in spelling - an apostrophe or no apostrophe
