word and symbol equation of photosynthesis(it is endothermic)
Light energy
Carbon dioxide +water—>glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H20–>C6H1206+602
Where does photosynthesis take place
The chloroplasts
Chlorophyll absorb/trap light(energy transferred to chloroplasts
5 ways plants use glucose
- Respiration-transfers energy from glucose,plant uses glucose for other stuf
- making cellulose-glucose converted to cellulose for cell wall
- making amino acids-glucose+nitrate ions=amino acids =proteins for growth
- stored as fats and oils-turned into lipids for storing in seeds
- Stored as starch-stored in roots,stems and leaves(for winter)starch is insoluble(good because glucose draws in water and swells)
4 Limiting factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
- light intensity(night)
- CO2 concentration(if it’s warm and sunny then)
- temperature (winter)
- chlorophyll concentration (disease,environmental stress like lack of nutrients
Not enough light slows photosynthesis rate
- light provides energy for photosynthesis
- more light =more photosynthesis up to a certain point
- due to a limiting factor eg temperature
- we can change light intensity by moving a lamp closer or further
Too little carbon dioxide also slows photosynthesis rate down
- co2 is a raw material needed for photosynthesis
- more co2=more photosynthesis up to a point
- after graph flattens showing there is a different limiting factor
The temperature has to be just right
- if temperature is the limiting factor it’s too low
- enzymes work slower in lower temperatures
- At 45 C enzymes denature
Inverse square law equation
Light intensity is proportional to 1/distance (d)2
So if you double distance light intensity is x4 as small
Artificially creating ideal conditions for farming
- Greenhouse-traps suns heat so temperature isn’t a limiting factor
- shades+ventilation if too hot
- use heater in winter
- artificial light at night
- paraffin heater-increases carbon dioxide (by product)
- enclosed means no pests
- add fertilizer (more minerals-chlorophyll)
What is respiration
The process of transferring energy from the break down of glucose
Food—>cells
Exothermic
3 ways of Using energy from respiration
Build bigger molecules from small ones eg proteins from amino acids
In animals Allow muscles to contract (move)
In mammals+birds-keep body temp steady in colder surroundings
What is metabolism
Sum of chemical reactions which are controlled by enzymes (biological catalysts)
In some reactions larger molecules are made from smaller ones
Lots of glucose molecules join to make starch(storage in plants),glucagon(a storage molecule in animal cells) and cellulose ( a component of plant cell walls)
Lipids made from glycerol and three fatty acids
Proteins made from glucose nitrate ions and amino acids
In other reactions larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones
Glucose broken down in respiration (transfers energy to power all reactions
Excess proteins broken into urea.which is excreted in urine
Aerobic respiration is
Most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose
Happens in mitochondria
Aerobic word and symbol equations
Glucose+oxygen—>carbon dioxide+water
c6h12o6+6o2–>6CO2+6h2o
Anaerobic reputation is
When your body can’t supply oxygen to your muscles
The incomplete breakdown of glucose making lactic acid(allows you to use muscles for longer)
Oxygen debt
Amount of extra oxygen needed to break down lactic acid and remove it from cells so we breath harder to get more oxygen in the blood which is transported to the muscles
Or
Lactic acid is transported to the liver by the muscles and converted back to glucose
Anaerobic respiration in yeast
Fermentation
Yeast +Glucose->ethanol + carbon dioxide
Used in brewery
Used to make bread rise
Example of metabolic reactions
Glucose—>starch
—>cellulose
—>glycogen
Fatty acids+glycerol—>lipids
