Phys lect 3 pt.2

Question 2

TH2 cells recruit and activate…

Answer 2

Eosinophils [18].

Question 3

Cytokines secreted by TH17 cells

Answer 3

IL-17 and other cytokines [19].

Question 4

TH17 cells induce secretion of…

Answer 4

Chemokines responsible for recruiting neutrophils and monocytes into the reaction [19].

Question 5

TH1 and TH17 cells defense function

Answer 5

Defense against many types of bacteria and viruses and in autoimmune diseases [19].

Question 6

TH2 cells defense function

Answer 6

Defense against helminthic parasites and in allergic inflammation [19].

Question 7

Cells that interact bidirectionally to propagate chronic inflammation

Answer 7

Lymphocytes and macrophages [19].

Question 8

Eosinophils are found around… (Infections)

Answer 8

Parasitic infections [20].

Question 9

Eosinophils are part of immune reactions mediated by…

Answer 9

IgE, typically associated with allergies [20].

Question 10

Role of Mast Cells in Allergic Reactions

Answer 10

Central players in allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock [20].

Question 11

Substance that ‘arms’ mast cells

Answer 11

IgE antibody specific for certain antigens [20].

Question 12

Substances released by IgE-coated mast cells upon antigen encounter

Answer 12

Histamines and AA metabolites [20].

Question 13

Neutrophils are the hallmark of…

Answer 13

Acute inflammation [20].

Question 14

Example of chronic inflammation that shows extensive neutrophilic infiltrates

Answer 14

Osteomyelitis [21].

Question 15

Definition of Granulomatous Inflammation

Answer 15

Distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation characterized by aggregates of activated macrophages with scattered lymphocytes [21].

Question 16

Granuloma Setting 1 Cause

Answer 16

Persistent T-cell responses to certain microbes [21].

Question 17

Cytokines derived from which cell type are responsible for chronic macrophage activation?

Answer 17

T cell–derived cytokines [21].

Question 18

Example Microbe causing Granuloma (1)

Answer 18

Mycobacterium tuberculosis [21].

Question 19

Example Microbe causing Granuloma (2)

Answer 19

T. pallidum (syphilis) [21].

Question 20

Example Microbe causing Granuloma (3)

Answer 20

Fungi [21].

Question 21

Granuloma Setting 2 Cause (Example)

Answer 21

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (e.g., Crohn disease) [21].

Question 22

Granuloma Setting 3 Cause

Answer 22

Foreign body granulomas [21].

Question 23

Foreign body granulomas are a response to…

Answer 23

Relatively inert foreign bodies (e.g., suture or splinter) [22].

Question 24

Granuloma defense function

Answer 24

Effectively “walls off” the offending agent [22].

Question 25

Granuloma Morphology 1

Answer 25

Activated epithelioid macrophages [22].

Question 26

Granuloma Morphology 2

Answer 26

Giant cells [22].

Question 27

Granuloma Morphology 3

Answer 27

Peripheral accumulation of lymphocytes [22].

Question 28

Granuloma Morphology 4 (Optional Feature)

Answer 28

Central area of caseous necrosis [22].

Question 29

Systemic Effect 1 of Inflammation

Answer 29

Fever [23].

Question 30

Cytokines that stimulate prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus

Answer 30

TNF and IL-1 [23].

Question 31

Systemic Effect 2 of Inflammation

Answer 31

Production of acute-phase proteins [23].

Question 32

Example of an Acute-Phase Protein

Answer 32

C-reactive protein [23].

Question 33

Systemic Effect 3 of Inflammation

Answer 33

Leukocytosis [23].

Question 34

Mechanism causing Leukocytosis

Answer 34

Cytokines stimulate production of leukocytes from the bone marrow [23].

Question 35

Systemic Effect 4 of Inflammation (in severe infections)

Answer 35

Septic shock [23].

Question 36

Cytokine that induces Septic Shock

Answer 36

High levels of TNF [23].

Question 37

Feature 1 of Septic Shock

Answer 37

Fall in blood pressure [23].

Question 38

Feature 2 of Septic Shock

Answer 38

Disseminated intravascular coagulation [23].

Question 39

Feature 3 of Septic Shock

Answer 39

Metabolic abnormalities [23].

Question 40

Factors determining the size of cell populations (List 4)

Answer 40

Cell proliferation, Cell differentiation, Cell death by apoptosis, and Emergence of new differentiated cells from stem cells [24].

Question 41

Cell proliferation is regulated by...

Answer 41

Growth factors [24].

Question 42

Labile Tissues Definition

Answer 42

Cells are continuously being lost and replaced by maturation from stem cells and by proliferation of mature cells [24].

Question 43

Labile Tissue Regeneration condition

Answer 43

Can readily regenerate after injury as long as the pool of stem cells is preserved [24].

Question 44

Labile Tissue Example 1

Answer 44

Hematopoietic bone marrow [24].

Question 45

Labile Tissue Example 2

Answer 45

Stratified squamous surfaces (skin, oral mucosa) [24].

Question 46

Labile Tissue Example 3

Answer 46

GI tract epithelium [24].

Question 47

Stable Tissues Definition

Answer 47

Cells are quiescent and have only minimal replicative activity in their normal state [25].

Question 48

Stable Tissues Proliferative Capacity

Answer 48

Capable of proliferating in response to injury or loss of tissue mass [25].

Question 49

Exception to Limited Stable Tissue Regeneration

Answer 49

The liver [25].

Question 50

Stable Tissue Example 1

Answer 50

Kidney [25].

Question 51

Stable Tissue Example 2

Answer 51

Pancreas [25].

Question 52

Stable Tissue Example 3

Answer 52

Fibroblast [25].

Question 53

Permanent Tissues Definition

Answer 53

Cells are considered to be terminally differentiated and nonproliferative in postnatal life [25].

Question 54

Outcome of injury to Permanent Tissues

Answer 54

Injury is irreversible because tissue cannot regenerate [26].

Question 55

Repair process domination in Permanent Tissues

Answer 55

Repair is typically dominated by scar formation [26].

Question 56

Permanent Tissue Example 1

Answer 56

Cardiac muscle [26].

Question 57

Permanent Tissue Example 2

Answer 57

Neuron [26].

Question 58

Permanent Tissue Example 3

Answer 58

Skeletal muscle [26].

Question 59

Definition of Growth Factors

Answer 59

Proteins that stimulate the survival and proliferation of particular cells [26].

Question 60

Growth Factor function (Migration)

Answer 60

Promote migration [26].

Question 61

Growth Factor function (Differentiation)

Answer 61

Promote differentiation [26].

Question 62

Growth Factor function (Angiogenesis)

Answer 62

Stimulation of angiogenesis [26].

Question 63

Growth Factor function (Fibrogenesis)

Answer 63

Stimulation of fibrogenesis [26].

Question 64

Two basic forms of Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Answer 64

Interstitial matrix and Basement membrane [26].

Question 65

Location of Interstitial Matrix

Answer 65

Space between cells [26].

Question 66

Composition of Interstitial Matrix

Answer 66

Made up of collagens and several glycoproteins [26].

Question 67

Location of Basement Membrane

Answer 67

Underlying epithelia and surrounding vessels [26].

Question 68

Composition of Basement Membrane

Answer 68

Made up of nonfibrillar collagen and laminin [26].

Question 69

ECM Function 1

Answer 69

Mechanical support [27].

Question 70

Mechanical support role 1 of ECM

Answer 70

For cell anchorage [27].

Question 71

Mechanical support role 2 of ECM

Answer 71

For cell migration [27].

Question 72

Mechanical support role 3 of ECM

Answer 72

Maintenance of cell polarity [27].

Question 73

ECM Function 2

Answer 73

Control of cell proliferation [27].

Question 74

ECM controls proliferation by Mechanism 1

Answer 74

By binding and displaying growth factors [27].

Question 75

ECM controls proliferation by Mechanism 2

Answer 75

By signaling through cellular receptors of the integrin family [27].

Question 76

ECM Function 3

Answer 76

Scaffolding for tissue renewal [27].

Question 77

ECM component critical for organized regeneration

Answer 77

The integrity of the basement membrane or the stroma scaffold of parenchymal cells [27].

Question 78

Result of ECM disruption

Answer 78

Failure of the tissues to regenerate, leading to repair by scar formation [27].

Question 79

ECM Function 4

Answer 79

Establishment of tissue microenvironments [28].

Question 80

Basement membrane role as a boundary

Answer 80

Acts as a boundary between epithelium and underlying connective tissue [28].

Question 81

Step 1 in Scar Formation

Answer 81

Inflammatory stage [28].

Question 82

Step 2 in Scar Formation

Answer 82

Fibroblastic stage [28].

Question 83

Step 3 in Scar Formation

Answer 83

Remodeling stage [29].

Question 84

Fibroblastic Stage Process (Vessels)

Answer 84

Formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) [28].

Question 85

Fibroblastic Stage Process (Cells/Tissue)

Answer 85

Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of connective tissue [28].

Question 86

Granulation Tissue appearance

Answer 86

Pink, granular appearance (due to abundant vessels, migrating fibroblasts, deposited connective tissue, and interspersed leukocytes) [28].

Question 87

Inflammatory stage start time

Answer 87

Begins rapidly (within 24h) [29].

Question 88

Inflammatory stage wound strength

Answer 88

Little wound tensile strength [29].

Question 89

Wound strength if sutures are placed (Inflammatory stage)

Answer 89

70% of original strength [29].

Question 90

Fibroblastic stage start time

Answer 90

Begins 3-5 days [29].

Question 91

Fibroblastic stage duration

Answer 91

Last 2-3 weeks [29].

Question 92

Fibroblastic stage appearance

Answer 92

Wound is stiff and erythematous [29].

Question 93

Wound strength increase in Fibroblastic stage

Answer 93

Significant increase in wound strength: 70–80% of original strength [29].

Question 94

Remodeling stage duration

Answer 94

Lasts for months [29].

Question 95

Appearance change in Remodeling stage 1

Answer 95

Wound soften [29].

Question 96

Appearance change in Remodeling stage 2

Answer 96

Less erythematous [29].

Question 97

Mechanical event that can occur in Remodeling stage

Answer 97

Wound contraction [29].

Question 98

Maximum Wound Strength Achieved

Answer 98

Never reaches more than 80% to 85% of the strength of uninjured tissue [30].