section 2 > physics > Flashcards

physics Flashcards

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1
Q

accuracy

A

how close it is to the actual measurement

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2
Q

precision

A

how close the agreement is between repeated measurements

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3
Q

significant figures

A
  • non zero figures are significant
  • zeros in between non zero figures are significant
  • leading zeros are not significant
  • trailing zeros are only significant if they are decimal zeros
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4
Q

scalar quantity

A

has magnitude but no direction e.g length, speed, mass, temperature

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5
Q

vector quantity

A

has both magnitude and direction e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, forces

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6
Q

motion

A

the change in position of an object with respect to its surroundings in a given interval of time

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7
Q

mechanics

A

the branch of physics concerned with the behavior of objects subject to the action of force(s)

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8
Q

kinematics

A

study of motion of objects, without consideration of the circumstances leading up to the motion ; not looking at forces

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9
Q

dynamics

A

study of the forces that lead to motion

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10
Q

time

A

component of a measuring system used to sequence of events, to compare the duration of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify the motions of objects. time is scalar and SI units are seconds

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11
Q

distance

A

a numerical description of how far apart objects are. the distance travelled by an object in a given time interval is the total length of the actual path it covers during that time. distance is scalar and SI units are metres

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12
Q

position

A

is a specific location in a coordinate system. the location of an object relative to some point we have chosen to be the reference point. Position is vector and SI units is metres

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13
Q

displacement

A

the vector quantity that specifies the position of a point or a particle in reference to a previous position. units = metre

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14
Q

instantaneous velocity

A

indicates how fast an object moves and the direction of the motion at each instant of time

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15
Q

speed

A

an object moves at a constant speed if it travels equal distances, in equal periods of time. speed is scalar and units = metre/second

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16
Q

velocity

A

an object moves at a constant speed if it travels equal distances, in equal periods of time and always in the same direction. Velocity is vector and units= m/s

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17
Q

instantaneous speed

A

is the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity

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18
Q

average acceleration

A

is a vector which points in the same direction as the change in velocity. SI= metres per seconds squared

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19
Q

force

A

a push or pull vector quantity. constant forces arise from physical contact between two objects. action-at-a-distance forces do not require contact e.g. gravity

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20
Q

newtons first law

A

an object will remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force

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21
Q

inertia

A

the natural tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion at a constant velocity. unit - kg

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22
Q

mass

A

the quantitative measure of inertia

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23
Q

newtons second law

A

when a net external force acts on an object of mass, the acceleration that results is directly proportional to the net force and has a magnitude that is inversely proportional to the mass.

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24
Q

newtons third law

A

whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude.The table exerts a reactionary force on the block = Normal Force
- normal force = contact force
- Always acts perpendicular (βŠ₯) to surface

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25
fundamental forces
gravitational, electroweak and strong nuclear force.
26
Non-fundamental forces
normal forces, friction, tension, elastic, force etc
27
gravity
a force that acts at a distance without physical contact and is expressed by a formula that is valid everywhere in the universe for masses and distances of all sizes
28
newtons law of universal gravitation
any two bodies in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
29
Friction
a force that opposes relative motion between surfaces in contact. * Friction or the frictional force acts parallel to the surface
30
static friction
opposes the impending relative motion between two objects
31
kinetic friction
opposes the relative sliding motion that does occur
32
angular velocity
the rate of change of an angle units=rad/s
33
uniform circular motion
the motion of an object traveling at a constant (uniform) speed on a circular path.
34
magnitude
The centripetal acceleration of an object moving with a speed 𝑣 on a circular path of radius π‘Ÿ has a magnitude π‘Žπ‘
35
direction
The centripetal acceleration vector always points toward the centre of the circle and continually changes direction as the object moves. * It is also useful to express π‘Žπ‘ in terms of angular velocity
36
centripetal force
the name given to the net force required to keep an object of mass m, moving at a speed v, on a circular path of radius r, and it has a magnitude
37
work
the magnitude of the force times the magnitude of the displacement. * When the force ( Ԧ𝐹) and the displacement ( Ԧ𝑠) are in the same direction: π‘Š = 𝐹. 𝑠 units= Joule
38
energy
the ability to do work
39
kinetic energy
associated with the motion of an object. the energy which an object has, due to its velocity
40
gravitational potential energy
associated with the height or position of an object in a gravitational field
41
principle of conservation of energy
states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another
42
potential energy
the energy stored in an object
43
a force is conservative when
the work it does on a moving object is independent of the path between the object's initial and final positions. it does no work on an object moving around a closed path, starting and finishing at the same point examples: gravitational, elastic spring, electric
44
a force is non-conservative
if the work it does on an object moving between two points depends on the path of the motion between the points example: static and kinetic friction, air resistance, tension, normal force
45
the total mechanical energy of an object
remains constant as the object moves, provided that the net work done by external non-conservative forces is zero
46
power
the rate at which work is done, and it is obtained by dividing the work by the time required to perform the work
47
impulse of a force
the product of the average force and the time interval during which the force acts
48
linear momentum of an object
is the product of the objects mass and velocity
49
internal forces
forces that the objects within the system exert on each other
50
external forces
forces exerted on the objects by agents external to the system
51
an isolated system
a system that the sum of external forces is zero
52
elastic collision
one in which the total kinetic energy of the system after the collision is equal to the total kinetic energy before the collision
53
inelastic collision
one in which the total kinetic energy of the system is not the same before and after the collision; if the objects stick together after colliding, the collision is said to be perfectly inelastic
54
the centre of mass
is a point that represents the average location for the total mass of a system
55
statics
the study of forces in equilibrium, a special case of Newtons second law
56
torque
a rotating body or system can be in equilibrium if its rate of rotation is constant and remains unchanged by the forces acting on it. the rotational equivalent of a force
57
centre of gravity of a rigid body
is the point at which its weight can be considered to act when the torque due to the weight is being calculated
58
density
mass divided by volume
59
relative density
the density of an object divided by the density of water
60
pressure
the magnitude of the force acting perpendicular to a surface divided by the area over which the force acts i.e. force per unit area
61
pascals principle
any change in the pressure applied to a completely enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid and the enclosing walls
62
fluid
a fluid is a liquid, gas or other material that flows or continuously deforms under a shear (tangential force)
63
steady flow
the velocity of the fluid particles at any point is constant as time passes
64
unsteady flow
the velocity at a point in the fluid changes as time passes
65
turbulent flow
is an extreme kind of unsteady flow and occurs when there are sharp obstacles or ends in the path of a fast moving fluid
66
ideal fluid
a fluid that is incompressible and non-viscous
67
streamline
a line drawn in a fluid such that a tangent to the streamline is parallel to the fluid velocity at that point
68
heat
energy that flows from a higher-temperature object to a lower-temperature object because of a difference in temperature
69
specific heat capacity
is a measure of how much heat is required to warm an object up or cool it down
70
convection
heat is carried from one place to another by the bulk movement of a fluid
71
conduction
transfer of energy from a warmer substance to a colder substance through direct contact
72
radiation
energy is transferred by means of electromagnetic waves
73
Hooke's law
to stretch or compress a spring, a force must be applied. Reaction force is called a 'restoring force'
74
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