Physiological Principles

Question 1

What is physiology

Answer 1

Branch of biology that deals with the function of living matter eg organs and tissues
Involves control of chemical reactions within the body

Question 2

What is a tissue and 4 main tissue types

Answer 2

Tissues are group of cells with interconnected function

• epithelial tissue
• connective tissue
• muscle tissue
• neuronal tissue

Question 3

Epithelial tissue

Answer 3

• forms body surfaces

[barriers, secretion, absorption, some movement]

Question 4

Connective tissue

Answer 4

Extracellular matrix - important in tissue structure and function
Connection, structure and protection

Question 5

Muscle tissue

Answer 5

Contraction
Generates tension, movement and heat
Examples inc, cardiac, skeletal, smooth

Question 6

Neuronal tissue

Answer 6

High speed communication

Control/ integration

Question 7

What is an organ system and name 10 organ systems

Answer 7

Groups of organs performing related functions, enables basic functions needed to maintain overall homeostasis

Nervous, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, circulatory, musculoskeletal, immune, urinary, integumentary, endocrine

Question 8

3 properties of water

Answer 8

• liquid
• high shc
• polar solvent - dissolves some substances

Question 9

What is body mostly of and 6 ways to maintain homeostasis

Answer 9

• mostly water [67% of body water]
• nutrients
• water
• oxygen and carbon dioxide
• salts
• temp
• ph

Question 10

What is homeostasis

Answer 10

State of constancy of conditions in body - internal environment

Question 11

How body maintains homeostasis

Answer 11

1. Sensor - detects change
2. Integrating centre [controller] - receives information
3. Effector - responds to change back to normal condition

Question 12

Name 2 types of homeostatic responses

Answer 12

Positive feedback - change in condition leading to a response from the effector which amplifies that change

Negative feedback - change in condition leading to a response which counteracts that change

Question 13

2 examples of negative feedback and explain

Answer 13

Insulin in blood glucose regulation;
Glucose levels increase - insulin released - glucose converted to glycogen
Glucose levels decrease - glucagon release - glycogen converted to glucose

Temperature regulation;
Increase body temp - hypothalamus receptors detect - effectors respond; sweating
Decrease body temp - hypothalamus detects - effectors respond; vasoconstriction

Question 14

Two examples of positive feedback

Answer 14

• child birth [parturiton]

- blood clotting

Question 15

Name three disease that can occur is homeostasis is not regulated

Answer 15

• diabetes
• gum disease
• cancer

Question 16

What is cancer

Answer 16

• mutation in dna of malignant cells
• causes a change in behaviour of cells inc. communication with other cells
• disrupts tissue homeostasis
• normal tissue structure breakdown, allowing cancer cells to spread

Question 17

Diabetes and gum disease

Answer 17

Diabetes;

• metabolic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
• characteristics - hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose)
• high morbidity (illness) and mortality (death)

Dental disease can be caused due to diabetes

Gum disease;

• red swollen gums
• increased bleeding whilst brushing
• increased plaque therefore can result in PERIODONTITIS AND GINGIVITIS - gum disease followed by tooth decay