1
Q
what is respiration
A
interchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between air and blood in the lungs
2
Q
what is ventilation
A
inhalation and exhalation of air into and out of the lungs through the respiratory tract
3
Q
in what two ways is the respiratory tract divided into
A
- functionally
- clinically
4
Q
functionally ; what is the conducting portion
A
- it is the tubes that lead from the mouth and nose to the lungs - allows air to move down and allow gas exchange to occur
5
Q
conducting portion - how to control w pressure changes
A
- during inhalation and exhalation pressure changes occur in the tubes
- trachea is held open with rings of cartilage and to prevent their collapse and blockage of the airway the tubes are reinforced with bone
- which is lined with respiratory mucosa
6
Q
what is respiratory mucosa made up of
A
- made up of one layer of columnar cells with cilia on their luminal surface
- with secretory (goblet) cells are distributed and secrete mucus on the surface
7
Q
purpose of mucus from nose to respiratory bronchioles
A
- traps inhaled particles that may be harmful to the lower respiratory tracts
- the cilia move the material up or backwards into the pharynx - can then be swallowed or spat out
8
Q
how many respiratory tracts are there and the names
A
2
- upper respiratory tract
- lower respiratory tract
9
Q
what makes up the upper respiratory tract
A
- nose
- mouth
- pharynx
- larynx
10
Q
what makes up the lower respiratory tract
A
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
11
Q
purpose of nose
A
- as air is filtered through the nose hairs and as it passes through the nose air twists
- air hits the walls of your nose allowing particles to be trapped
- cilia cleans the air
- air is warmed by blood vessels
- and humidified as it is breathed in
12
Q
purpose of mucus being sticky
A
- can trap particles
13
Q
what is the airway designed to do
A
- trap dust, dirt and potential pathogens
14
Q
structure and role of pharynx
A
- muscular tube and shared by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
- food a drink exit the pharynx to the oesophagus
- air exits into the larynx
15
Q
what is the larynx
A
- larynx is a tube reinforced with cartilage that move relative to each other and contain vocal folds
16
Q
purpose of vocal folds
A
- protect lower airway from food ingestion during swallowing
- generate sound for speech
17
Q
how many lobes does each side of the lungs have
A
- right lung has three lobes
- left lung has two lobes
18
Q
what are the bronchioles
A
small tubes without cartilage. the smooth muscle regulates air flow into the alveoli
19
Q
name the three parts of the bronchi
A
- main bronchi
- lobar bronchi
- segmental bronchi
20
Q
how many different cell types in the lungs
A
- 40 different cell types
21
Q
properties of ciliated cells
A
- around 300 cilia per cell
- moves mucus at 2cm per minutes
- beats in one direction
- if you have a respiratory infection leads to loss of cell activity
- microvilli helps increase SA of cells
22
Q
properties of mucous goblet cells
A
- secrete mucus that traps particulate matter
- very little microvilli
23
Q
properties of brush cell
A
columnar epithelial cells with blunt microvilli on surface
24
Q
properties of basal short cell
A
- replace damaged cells (acts similar to stem cells)
- located at base of epithelium and do not reach lumen
25
properties of small granule cells
- contains granules at base of cells
| - thought to have neuroendocrine function
26
properties of clara cells/club cells
- secrete lypoprotein - surface active agent similar to mucus but with different structure
- progenitor cell acts as a basal type cell
- xenobiotic metabolism - removing harmful things out the system
27
what are the two types of cells involved in gas exchange
- type 1 cells (pneumocytes)
| - type 11 cells
28
what occurs in type 1 cells and structure
- where gas exchange takes place
- v thin epithelial cells
- covers 95% of gas exchange surface
- organelles near nucleus
29
what do type 11 cells do and where are they found
- replace damaged type 1 cells
- found in corner of alveoli
- produce a surface active agent
- acts as a progenitor and xenobiotic metabolism
- covers 5% of gas exchange surface
30
3 structures of the lungs
- alveolar sac are tiny air sacs
- alveolar walls are v thin allowing rapid diffusion of oxygen from air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to air
- they are formed by pneumocytes and blood capillaries
31
what does smoking do to the alveoli
- breaks down alveoli
- sa for gas exchange is reduced
- bigger holes in lungs breaking down lung tissue
32
what does cystic fibrosis affect and how do you get CF
- need to have 2 defective genes inherited
- affects pancreas and respiratory cells
- affects fertility
33
what are the lungs separated from the thoracic wall by
the pleura
34
name the two types of pleura
| what is the space called between the two layers
- parietal pleura (line thoracic cavity - outer layer)
- visceral pleura (cover the lungs - inner layer)
- pleural cavity
35
what does the pleura fluid
- lubricant so that the two layers can slide over each other during ventilation
- acts as an adhesive agent sticking the two layers together
- when the parietal pleura moves with the thoracic wall , the visceral pleura and therefore lungs follow the movement
36
the thoracic wall is formed by what 4 things
- ribs and sternum
- intercostal muscles
- diaphragm
- accessory muscles
37
what are the two layers on intercostal muscles
- internal
| - and external intercostal muscles
38
what is the diaphragm and what does it separate and what is attached to
- thin muscular sheet
- separates the thorax from the abdomen
- attached to ; lower ribs, tip of sternum, vertebral column
39
inspiration
- size of chest cavity is increased by the intercostal muscles
- diaphragm contracts and flattens
- chest volume increases and pressure reduced so air is drawn in
40
forced ventilation
- homeostatic mechanism to restore body to normal state
| - when body needs more oxygen eg after exercise, emotional response
41
what muscles does forced inspiration use
- intercostal muscles and diaphragm to their max
- accessory muscles may be used
- total lung volume depends on age, sex, fitness
42
forced expiration what muscles are requires
- intercostal muscles relax
| - lungs deflate to normal position
year 1 - dentistry
flashcards
Decks in class (24)
# Cards
-
cytoskeleton17
-
Human Body And Dissection23
-
carbohydrates28
-
introduction to biomolecules33
-
Physiological Principles17
-
membrane structure and function34
-
nucleus, genes, dna33
-
amino acids and protein31
-
respiration42
-
enzymes31
-
glycolysis31
-
muscles and joints43
-
sub cellular organelles31
-
cardiovascular51
-
protein and protein structure19
-
basic cell types and epithelia31
-
extra cellular matrix23
-
functional anatomy27
-
connective tissue29
-
collagen1
-
importance of being professional6
-
medical emergencies19
-
mechanics of breathing41
-
cell junctions5
