Physiology

Question 1

1. Which definition BEST describes diffusion ?
   A Movement of molecules from a higher to lower concentration gradient

B Net movement of water down its concentration gradient

C Ability of a substance to move across a membrane

D Movement of substances across a plasma membrane

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 23). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 1

A Movement of molecules from a higher to lower concentration gradient

Question 2

2. Neutrophils are known as which type of blood cell?
   A Agranulocytes

B Platelets

C Granulocytes

D Erythrocytes

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 23). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 2

C Granulocytes

Question 3

3. During gingivitis, which immune system cells are most likely to be the first to respond?
   A Neutrophils

B Eosinophils

C Erythrocytes

D Agranulocytes

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 23). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 3

A Neutrophils

Question 4

4. The merocrine glands are responsible for the secretion of which fluid?
   A Testosterone

B Thyroxin

C Estrogen

D Sweat

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 23). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 4

D Sweat

Question 5

5. Which type of tissue lines the surface of the lungs?
   A Visceral pleura

B Peritoneal pleura

C Pericardial pleura

D Visceral peritoneum

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 23). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 5

A Visceral pleura

Question 6

6. Which BEST describes what happens to a nerve when there is an influx of sodium ions?
   A Depolarization

B Myelination

C Polarization

D Excitation

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 24). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 6

A Depolarization

Question 7

7. The inferior alveolar nerve is difficult to anesthetize because it is has a thick myelin sheath. Myelin acts as an insulator that prevents the generation of electrical activity.
   A Both statements are true.

B Both statements are false.

C The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.

D The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 24). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 7

A Both statements are true.

Question 8

8. An elevated serum potassium level is known as
   A hypernatremia.

B hyperkalemia.

C hypercarotenemia.

D hypokalemia.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 24). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 8

B hyperkalemia.

Question 9

9. A group of similar cells that perform a common function is called a/an
   A tissue.

B cell.

C organ.

D ecosystem.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 24). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 9

A tissue

Question 10

10. Negative feedback mechanisms oppose the direction of an initial stimulus. Defects in negative feedback mechanisms are the cause of most homeostatic imbalances.
    A Both statements are true.

B Both statements are false.

C The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.

D The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 24). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 10

A Both statements are true.

Question 11

11. Which cellular organelle is responsible for the detoxification of drugs, pesticides, and carcinogens?
    A Golgi apparatus

B Mitochondria

C Cell membrane

D Ribosome

E Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 24). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 11

E Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

12. Which type of epithelium is multilayered to provide protection to underlying tissue and is found in areas subject to abrasion such as the mouth and the esophagus?
    A Transitional

B Stratified squamous

C Simple squamous

D Pseudostratified columnar

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 24). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 12

B Stratified squamous

Question 13

13. A bone disease that results in fragile and thin bones when bone resorption is faster than bone deposit is called
    A ostepenia.

B osteogenesis.

C osteoporosis.

D osteoarthritis.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 24). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 13

C osteoporosis.

Question 14

14. Each is a property of muscle tissue EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
    A Contractility

B Excitability

C Conductivity

D Extensibility

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 24). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 14

C Conductivity

Question 15

15. At which sites are motor nerve impulses transmitted from nerve endings to skeletal muscle cells?
    A Neuromuscular junctions

B Sarcomeres

C Z-disks

D Cross-bridges

E Myofilaments

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 24). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 15

A Neuromuscular junctions

Question 16

16. The trigeminal nerve
    A serves the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

B provides the sensation of taste for the tongue.

C allows for chewing of food.

D helps to regulate heart activity.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 24). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 16

C allows for chewing of food.

Question 17

17. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of AB-positive blood?
    A A and B antigens are present on the surface of red blood cells.

B No anti-A or anti-B antibodies are produced.

C Rh antigens are produced.

D Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are produced.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 24). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 17

D Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are produced.

Question 18

18. Which substance must be present for the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine?
    A Iron

B Calcium

C Iodine

D Carbohydrates

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 24). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 18

C Iodine

Question 19

19. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is best described by which statement?
    A The pancreas produces insulin, but glucagon is not responsive to it.

B The pancreas produces insulin, but the insulin receptors on the body’s cells are resistant.

C The thyroid gland produces insulin, but the insulin receptors on the body’s cells are resistant.

D The pancreas produces insulin, and the insulin receptors on the body’s cells allow too much of the insulin to enter the cell.

E The pancreas does not produce any insulin.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 24). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 19

B The pancreas produces insulin, but the insulin receptors on the body’s cells are resistant.

Question 20

20. Which is the first step of blood clot formation (hemostasis)?

A Platelet plug formation

B Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

C Vascular spasms

D Formation of prothrombin factor

E Thrombin conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin mesh

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 25). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 20

C Vascular spasms

Question 21

21. Which factor determines the movement of respiratory system gases?
    A Water solubility

B Partial pressure gradients

C Temperature variations

D Molecular weight of respiratory system gases

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 25). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 21

B Partial pressure gradients

Question 22

22. Which of the following is NOT a functional activity of the digestive system?
    A Mechanical digestion

B Chemical digestion

C Absorption

D Replication

E Propulsion

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 25). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 22

D Replication

Question 23

23. Cilia cannot be repaired or regenerated, even after quitting smoking. Emphysema is characterized by irreversible destruction of the walls of the alveoli and the production of abnormally large air spaces.
    A Both statements are true.

B Both statements are false.

C The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.

D The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 25). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 23

D The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

Question 24

24. The pharynx is a passageway for air and food. But the larynx is a passageway only for air.
    A Both statements are true.

B Both statements are false.

C The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.

D The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

Mosby. Mosby’s Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 25). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 24

A Both statements are true.

Question 25

25. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a combination of chronic bronchitis and A pneumonia. B diabetes. C emphysema. D asthma. Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 25). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 25

C emphysema.

Question 26

26. Which is the most appropriate definition of the term peristalsis ? A Wavelike contraction of smooth muscle that moves food through the alimentary canal B Movement across intestinal segments while digestive juices mix with foodstuffs C Breakdown of fats upon interaction with bile D The effect of gastric juices on the esophagus Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 25). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 26

A Wavelike contraction of smooth muscle that moves food through the alimentary canal

Question 27

27. Which nerve innervates the diaphragm? A Saphenous B Popliteal C Brachial plexus D Phrenic Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 25). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 27

D Phrenic

Question 28

28. These blood vessels permit nutrient and gas exchange between blood and tissue cells, while these blood vessels carry blood back to the heart under low-pressure conditions. A Capillaries; veins B Arteries; veins C Arteries; capillaries D Veins; capillaries Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 25). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 28

A Capillaries; veins

Question 29

29. Which structure is the natural pacemaker of the heart? A Purkinje fiber B Atrioventricular (AV) node C Sinoatrial (SA) node Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 25). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 29

C Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 30

30. Select the correct sequence of steps in the acute inflammatory process: A (1) Vasodilation, (2) vascular permeability, (3) exudation, (4) vascular stasis B (1) Vascular permeability, (2) vasodilation, (3) exudation, (4) vascular stasis C (1) Vascular stasis, (2) vasodilation, (3) vascular permeability, (4) exudation D (1) Vasodilation, (2) exudation, (3) vascular stasis, (4) vascular permeability Mosby. Mosby's Review Questions for the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (p. 25). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

Answer 30

A (1) Vasodilation, (2) vascular permeability, (3) exudation, (4) vascular stasis