Planning Process & Techniques

Question 1

• Planning as concerned with production of
  plans, giving a detailed picture of some
  desired future end state to be achieved in a
  certain number of years.
• Concerned to set out the desired future
  end state in detail, in terms of land use
  patterns on the ground
• Tended to proceed through simple
  sequence, best set out in Patrick Geddes:
  Survey-Analysis-Plan

Answer 1

TRADITIONAL PLANNING

Question 2

• A continuous process.
• Concentrates on the objectives of the plan
  and on the alternative ways of reaching
  them.
• Emphasis is on tracing the possible
  consequences of alternative policies and
  eventually choose a preferred course of
  action.
• Derived from the science of cybernetics
  (fundamentals of systems planning) as a
  new way of organizing existing knowledge
  as a complex interacting systems.

Answer 2

MODERN PLANNING

Question 3

FIVE FRIENDS OF PLANNING

Answer 3

1. WHO? The person(s) who will carry
   out the plan.
2. HOW? The specific steps or tasks
   required.
3. WHEN? The time needed for each
   step and the date the goal will be
   achieved.
   4.WHAT? The personal and
   community resources needed.
   5.WHY? The reasons for working
   toward a goal (motivation)

Question 4

“the process of determining goals and
designing the means by which these goals may
be achieved.” - Robert Young

Answer 4

PLANNING PROCESS

Question 5

basically means that is founded on the
principles of reasoning rather than simply on emotions or inspired
guesswork

Answer 5

as an approach: ‘rational’

Question 6

generally taken to mean
that one seeks to obtain the maximum output for a certain input, or
alternatively, to minimize the inputs required to obtain a certain
output.

Answer 6

where goals are concerned: ‘rationality’

Question 7

1. many planning decisions are reactive in nature and have shorter
   time horizon;
2. there is often lack of resources that frustrates articulation of
   systematic methodologies; and
3. the structure of the rational approach may not fit with the nature
   of the planning problem.

Answer 7

Real-life planning decisions do not follow the rational approach

Question 8

Rational Approach to Plan
When viewed as a process, planning always involves:

Answer 8

1. The careful definition of the problem
2. The development of goals and objectives
3. The collection of data
4. The identification and analysis of alternatives
5. The implementation of a program or course of action.

Question 9

CURRENT STATE OF THE LOCAL PLANNING
SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES

Answer 9

1. Inactive LDC
2. Indifferent Local Sanggunian
3. Lack or total absence of vertical and horizontal linkages
4. Weak plan-to-budget linkage
5. Multiplicity of development, sectoral and/or thematic plans that LGUs
   are asked to prepare

Question 10

NEED FOR RATIONALIZING THE PLANNING SYSTEM

Answer 10

1. Planning is an integral part of governance.
2. There is a need for “rationalizing” the planning system to enhance the LGU’s
   capability in the performance of its DUAL functions:
   a. As a POLITICAL SUBDIVISION of the National Government, LGUs are in charge
   of the management of its entire geographical territory for and in behalf of the
   national government
   b. As a CORPORATE ENTITY, LGUs are responsible for: representing its people; promoting general welfare; delivering basic services and facilities

Question 11

Characteristics of The Planning Process

Answer 11

1. Technical exercise
2. Comprehensiveness
3. Allocative mechanism
4. Rational

Question 12

The planner provides the technical base for the political decision-maker.
* elaboration of means
* prediction of consequences

Answer 12

Technical exercise

Question 13

The planner is required to consider all the alternatives and all the consequences of these.

Answer 13

Comprehensiveness

Question 14

Allocate resources in the most efficient manner within a comprehensive framework

Answer 14

Allocative mechanism

Question 15

The rational model of decision making/planning assumes: * objectives can be identified and articulated
* outcomes of alternative strategies can be projected
* expected utilities assessed through objective criteria
* respective probability of occurrence of relevant conditions can be predicted based on available information

Answer 15

Rational

Question 16

Components of the Planning Process

Answer 16

1. Problem Diagnosis
2. Goal Articulation
3. Prediction and Projection
4. “Design” of Alternatives
5. Plan Testing
6. Evaluation
7. Implementation
   (Lein, 1992:74-86)

Question 17

Stages of the Planning Process

Answer 17

Stage 1: Identify problems and needs
Stage 2: Develop goals and objectives
Stage 3: Develop alternative strategies
Stage 4: Select strategies and develop a detailed plan
Stage 5: Design a monitoring and evaluation plan

Question 18

Problem formulation begins with awareness of need, where need
may be expressed in very specific terms.
Defining the problem involves distinction between a problem and
the ‘right’ proble

Answer 18

Stage 1: Identification of the Problem

Question 19

Goal formulation: the process of determining what the people want their
city/municipality to become is often considered the most important step in the planning process.

Answer 19

Stage 2: Developing Goals and Objectives

Question 20

The process of designing a “____” of the future and then to realize it
would need goals and objectives to focus efforts and direct actions.

Answer 20

vision

Question 21

represents an end toward which planning efforts are
directed.

Answer 21

goal

Question 22

an intermediate condition achieved along the pathway toward some larger desired accomplishment (outcome).

Answer 22

objective

Question 23

desired outcome that is more specific, measurable,
attainable, realistic and time-bound (SMART)

Answer 23

target

Question 24

▪ Creativity and thought are perhaps the two most critical influences
conceptualizing alternatives.
▪ With the tangible set of alternatives listed, focus shifts from development to
question of selection.

Answer 24

Stage 3: Developing Alternatives

Question 25

Selection of Alternatives *** Financial considerations** (How much would it cost to implement?) *** Available resources** (Are staff, money, and time to implement available?) *** Target population **(Will the target population accept the given strategy?) *** Social costs **(What are the long term positive and negative consequences of the strategy to the target population?) *** Intended objectives **(Will it achieve the intended objectives?)

Answer 25

Stage 4: Select strategies and develop detailed plan

Question 26

# The development of the plan requires four types of activities: Identify the activities or tasks that need to be completed in order to reach the desired objectives.

Answer 26

Programming

Question 27

# The development of the plan requires four types of activities: Determine and assign the resources needed to implement the activities. Resources are normally divided into three general categories: human, physical (materials, facilities and equipment) and financial.

Answer 27

.Allocating resources

Question 28

# The development of the plan requires four types of activities: Establish the required time needed to complete each activity. This will involve an assessment of how long each task takes to be completed.

Answer 28

Scheduling:

Question 29

# The development of the plan requires four types of activities: Determine specific individual and/or agencies/institutions responsible for the accomplishment of activities.

Answer 29

Fixing accountability:

Question 30

With the goals, objectives carefully articulated, data collected and analyzed, the problem well defined, and a set of alternatives selected, the plan begins to take shape, not just as a document, but as a well-integrated idea.

Answer 30

Implementation of Plans

Question 31

one of the most difficult phases of planning because it moves us from the “science” of planning to the political realities in which planning operates.

Answer 31

Implementation

Question 32

Implementation must enable the outcome and may require bringing together the ____, ____ or building existing law and programs into the plan as part of its implementation.

Answer 32

necessary legal instruments, policy mandates

Question 33

* Continue or discontinue a program or component of a plan * Improve existing programs/plans * Add or drop a component or an entire program * Institute a similar program elsewhere * Reallocate resources among competing programs or program components

Answer 33

STAGE 5: Design a monitoring and evaluation plan

Question 34

# There are two types of evaluations: concerned with the efficient use of resources such as personnel and equipment, and focuses on reducing waste and making more productive use of scarce resources. It is primarily concerned with finding better ways of implementing the plan.

Answer 34

Process evaluation

Question 35

# There are two types of evaluations: Measure whether or not the plan is having an impact on the target population or environment. It is concerned with program effectiveness, that is, whether or not the plan is achieving its objectives

Answer 35

Impact evaluations

Question 36

Planning Process (So & Getzels)

Answer 36

1. Basic Goals 2. Study and Analysis 3. Plan or policy preparation 4. Implementation and effectuation 5. Moitoring and Feedback

Question 37

12 STEP CLUP PROCESS

Answer 37

1. Getting Organized 2. Identifying Stakeholders 3. Setting the Vision 4. Analyzing the Situation 5. Getting the goals and objectives 6. Establishing Development Thrusts and Spatial Strategies 7. Preparing Land Use Plan 8. Drafting Zone Ordinance 9. Conducting Public Hearing on the draft CLUP & ZO 10. Reviewing, Adopting, and Approving the CLUP & ZO 11. Implementing the CLUP & ZO 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP

Question 38

What makes a plan successful?

Answer 38

Planning Techniques

Question 39

* are tools that the planner uses to carry out the various tasks in the planning process. * help the planner to focus thinking on what is important. In this regard, an understanding of the range and potential uses, aside from providing a framework for improving rational decision making, is required

Answer 39

Planning Techniques

Question 40

Why we need planning tools and techniques?

Answer 40

(1) understand society within which planning is to operate; (2) identify society’s problems and needs; (3) have a more complete comprehension of its varying interacting elements and their effects upon each other; (4) formulate policies and to choose between them; and (5) measure them in practice to ascertain the efficiency and effectiveness of powers in practice and adjust them when necessary.

Question 41

Factors in choosing Appropriate Techniques

Answer 41

1. Availability of basic resources for planning (e.g. data and skilled manpower); 2. Extent to which results obtained by using the techniques can readily be presented to politicians and the public (e.g. availability of a wide range of presentation methods to the “users” of results); 3. Capable of providing results within the acceptable period; and 4. Cost-effectiveness of different techniques (e.g. availability of skilled manpower and cost of technical equipment for data collection.

Question 42

# Categories of Resources value of the results of any method first of all depends upon the quality of information available.

Answer 42

Information requirements

Question 43

# Categories of Resources the various methods require different levels of computing facilities (and know how).

Answer 43

Computing facilities

Question 44

# Categories of Resources affordability and availability of specialized personnel.

Answer 44

Specialized personnel

Question 45

# Categories of Resources the use of consultants may be quite justifiable and a recommendable way if funds to pay services are available and if the results expected justify the use of these funds

Answer 45

External consultants

Question 46

# Categories of Resources the length of the period necessary for a meaningful application.

Answer 46

Time requirements