Plants

Question 1

What adaptations do plants have for living on land?

Answer 1

1. Structures for retaining moisture
   - cuticle= waxy coating on the outer surface of a plant
   - Stomata= openings in the outer layer of leaves and some stems which regulate water loss and allow gas exchange for photosynthesis
2. Transport System
   - vascular tissue to move nutrients and water throughout the plant
   - also provide structure and support for the plant
3. Reproductive Strategies
   - adaptations that allow gametes to meet without water

Question 2

What is “Alteration of Generations”? Differentiate between sporophyte and gametophyte generations.

Answer 2

The lives of plants consist of two altering stages or generations; a gametophyte (gamete producing) generation and a sporophyte (diploid or spore producing generation). One generation is dominant over the other. This means that it is larger and lasts longer.

Question 4

Functions of the root:

Answer 4

• Anchors the plant
• absorbs water and dissolved nutrients
• food storage (carrot, radish)

Question 5

Functions of the stem:

Answer 5

• provide support
• transport system between roots and leaves
• food storage (celery, onion)

Question 6

Functions of the leaf:

Answer 6

• photosynthesis
• food storage

Question 7

Rhizoid:

Answer 7

• Root-like structures which anchor the plant and absorb nutrients (root hair)

Question 8

Rhizome:

Answer 8

• A modified plant stem that send out roots and shoots from its nodes (grows underground) Grows horizontally. Transports water and adheres plant to surfaces.

Question 9

Explain the difference between monocots and dicots:

Answer 9

• Monocots: Embryos have one cotyledon. Leaves with parallel veins. Flowers in multiples of three and vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem. Examples: Irises, tulips, grasses.
• Dicots: Embryos have two cotyledons. Leaves with netlike veins. Flower parts in multiples of four or five and vascular bundles arranged in rings. Examples: Roses, daises, deciduous tree, foxgloves

Question 10

Explain the following parts of a flower:
- Anther
- Filament
- Stamen
- Stigma
- Ovary
- Sepal
- nectary
- ovule
- Pistill
- Style

Answer 10

Anther: Part of the Stamen where pollen is produced
Filament: holds up the anther
Stamen: male part of a flower, made up of the filament and the anther
Stigma: Sticky part of the carpel which collects pollen from other flowers
Ovary: Contains Ovules which develop into seeds once fertilized
Sepal: Outer protective covering of the flower bud, can be coloured like petals
Nectary: Produce sugary nectar which attracts insects
Ovule: forms the seeds
Pistill: Female part of the flower
Style: narrowed region on pistill between the stigma and ovary

Question 11

Explain the function of each of the following tissues:
- Ground tissue and its 3 types
- Derman tissue
- Vascular tissue

Answer 11

• Ground tissue: middle layer which provides protection, structure and regeneration. Further divided into:
  - Meristematic: cell division or growth
  - Cork: Inner dead cells (structural)
  - Cortex: Storage
• Dermal tissue:
• outer layer
• provides protection and structure
• may be involved in photosynthesis and growth of secondary structures
• Vascular:
• conductive or transport tissue
• may provide support (structure)
• two types are xylem and phloem

Question 12

Differentiate between xylem and phloem

Answer 12

xylem: conducts water and dissolved minerals
Phloem: Conducts nutrients

Question 13

Explain the Transpiration- Cohesion Theory in plants

Answer 13

1. Root pressure created when water enters roots via osmosis
2. Capillary action:
   - Cohesion: Water molecules are attracted to eachother.
   -Adhesion: water molecules form hydrogen bonds with the xylem cell wall .
3. Transpiration: Evaporation of water from stomata creating a tension that pulls the water column from root to leaf.
   *Because of cohesion roots absorb new water molecules to replace those pulled up through the xylem by the vacuum caused by transpiration

Question 14

Differentiate between plant response via: Hormones, tropisms and nastic movements

Answer 14

Hormones: Chemical messages which regulate plant growth and response to stimuli
Tropism: The turning of all or part of an organism in a particular direction in response to an external stimulus.
Nastic movement: plant movements that occur in response to an external stimuli but the direction of the response is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus.

Question 15

What are the general characteristics of fungi?

Answer 15

1) Eukaryotic
2) Multicellular and Macroscopic
3) Sessile, most are terrestrial
4) Have cell walls composed of “chitiin” (a carbohydrate)
5) lack chlorophyll= heterotrophs
6) require warmth, moisture and oxygen for growth, prefer darkness

Question 16

How are fungi classified?

Answer 16

5 phyla based on spore producing structures

Question 17

What are the fungi phyla? Give an example from each.

Answer 17

• Basidiomycetes (club fungi)- mushrooms, puffballs
• Ascomycetes (Sac fungi)- yeast, morels, mildews
• Zygomycetes- Black bread mold
• Deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi)- penicillin, athletes foot
• Mycophycophyta (lichens)- Reindeer moss

Question 18

Differentiate between mycelium, rhizoids, and sporangia. What are the functions of these structures?

Answer 18

Mycellium: Branching filaments which make up the fungal body
Rhizoids: - descending hyphae
- anchor the fungi and absorb predigested nutrients
Sporangia: receptacle in which asexual spores are formed

Question 19

Phototropism

Answer 19

• how plants respond to light
• caused by auxins and gibberellins
• Stems grow towards light= positive phototropism

Question 20

Thigmotropism

Answer 20

• how plants respond to touch
• caused by gibberellins and auxins
• vines wrap around abjects and climb a trellis

Question 21

Gravitropism

Answer 21

• how plants respond to gravity
• aka geotropism
• caused by auxins and gibberellins
• roots= positive gravitropism
• stems= negative gravitropism

Question 22

Rapid Response

Answer 22

• reversible response not caused by hormones
• caused by turgor pressures
• stomates closing, venus fly trap response

Question 23

Photoperiodism

Answer 23

• plant response to seasonal changes in length of day and night
• short day plants flower when nights are longer

Question 24

Bryophyta
1) Habitat
2) Plant organs
3) Vascular tissue
4) Gametophyte or sporophyte dominant?
5) Describe Sporophyte
6) Describe gametophyte
7) Water required for fertilization?
8) Sperm or pollen?
9) Spores, seeds, or fruit?
10) Adaptations for land?

Answer 24

Mosses
1) Moist
2) Rhizoids, no stem, leaf-like structures
3) Nonvascular
4) Gametophyte
5) Capsule on a stalk
6) Green leafy carpet
7) Yes
8) Sperm
9) Spores
10) Few- structures that are root, stem and leaf like.

Question 25

Filicinae 1) Habitat 2) Plant organs 3) Vascular tissue 4) Gametophyte or sporophyte dominant? 5) Describe Sporophyte 6) Describe gametophyte 7) Water required for fertilization? 8) Sperm or pollen? 9) Spores, seeds, or fruit? 10) Adaptations for land?

Answer 25

Ferns 1) Moist 2) Roots, rhizome, fronds 3) Vascular 4) Sporophyte 5) Leafy frond with sori 6) Heart shaped prothallus 7) Yes 8) Sperm 9) Spores 10) Vascular system- roots, stems, leaves

Question 26

Gymnosperm 1) Habitat 2) Plant organs 3) Vascular tissue 4) Gametophyte or sporophyte dominant? 5) Describe Sporophyte 6) Describe gametophyte 7) Water required for fertilization? 8) Sperm or pollen? 9) Spores, seeds, or fruit? 10) Adaptations for land?

Answer 26

Conifers 1) Dry 2) Roots, stems, leaves 3) Vascular 4) Sporophyte 5) Green tree with needles 6) male and female cones 7) no 8) Pollen 9) Seeds (naked) 10) Vascular system- roots, stems, leaves, pollen, seeds (naked)

Question 27

Angiosperms 1) Habitat 2) Plant organs 3) Vascular tissue 4) Gametophyte or sporophyte dominant? 5) Describe Sporophyte 6) Describe gametophyte 7) Water required for fertilization? 8) Sperm or pollen? 9) Spores, seeds, or fruit? 10) Adaptations for land?

Answer 27

Monocots/ dicots 1) Dry 2) Roots, stems, leaves 3) Vascular 4) Sporophyte 5) green plant 6) flower with stamen and pistil 7) No 8) Pollen 9) Seeds (within fruit) 10 Vasculat system roots, stems, leaves, pollen, seeds (endosperm)