1
Q
Define Hermaphrodite
A
Contains both male and female reproductive structures. An organism having both male and female sex organs or other sexual characteristics, either abnormally or in natural condition. Ex) Platyhelminthes- Tapeworm
2
Q
Define Regeneration
A
The process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body parts to full function. Asexual reproduction can occur through regeneration. An arm can produce a new organism if a piece of the central disk is still in tact or present. Ex) Echinoderms, Starfish
3
Q
Define Segmentation
A
Allows for specialization of body regions (development of body systems) and more efficient movement. It is serial repetition of similar organs, tissues, cell types or body cavities along the anterior- posterior (A-P) axis of bilaterally symmetrical animals. Segmentation allows for specialization of body regions (development of body systems) and more efficient movement. Ex) Annelida: Earthworm, Leach
4
Q
Define Radial Symmetry
A
An organism can be divided equally about a central point, much like a pie cut into equal parts. They can be cut into similar halves by passing a plane at any angle along a central axis. Ex) Echinoderms: Adult Starfish, Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars (Larvae are radially symmetrical)
5
Q
What are the Phylum’s? Give examples of organisms classified into each
A
- Porifera: Sponges
- Cnidaria or Colentrates: Jelly fish, Sea Anemone, Coral
- Platyhelminthes: Planaria, Tapeworm
- Nematoda: Ascaris, Hookworm
- Annelida: Earthworm, Leach
- Mollusca: Snails, Clams, Octopuses
- Arthropoda: Lobster, spider, dragonfly
- Echinoderms: Starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars
- Chordata: humans, sharks, cats, dogs
6
Q
What are the classes within the phylum chordata? Give an example of each
A
- Agnatha: Lamprey, hagfish
- Chondrichthyes: Sharks, rays, skates
- Osteichthyes: Trout, northern pike
- Amphibia: Salamander, frog
- Reptilia: Snake, turtle, crocodile
- Aves: Chicken, Robin, Goose
- Mammalia: Dog, elephant, human
7
Q
What are the three groups of mammals? Give an example of each.
A
- Monotremes: Platypus
- Marsupials: Kangaroo, koala
- Placentals: Bat, dog, human
8
Q
Define Endoskeleton
A
An internal skeleton composed of hard, mineralized tissue that can also enable movement by attachment to muscles. Ex) Echinoderms
9
Q
What are two reasons cephalopods (octopus and squid) are the most advanced molluscs?
A
- They have a well developed brain and excellent vision
- They are agile swimming carnivores and have their foot divided into arms with suckers to capture prey
- They use jet propulsion to move
10
Q
Define the following: Sessile, Metamorphosis
A
- Sessile: Unable to move from a fixed point. Permanently attached or fixed and not free-moving.
- Metamorphosis: The larvae look nothing like the adult (they go through a big change) The process of transformation from an immature form to an adult form in two or more distinct stages.
11
Q
Define the following: Nematocyst, Coelom
A
- Nematocyst: Capsule containing a thin, coiled tubule with a poisonous barb at one end.
- Coelom: Fluid-filled space that is completely covered by muscle. It is a fluid-filled body cavity of an animal that contains the internal organs (heart, lungs, and kidneys)
12
Q
Explain the Porifera phylum
A
- Ex) Sponges
- No locomotion
- Has radial or no symmetry
- Has no body systems
- Most live attached to objects on the ocean floor
- Have many pores (holes) through which water flows
- no organs or tissues
- complex bundle of cells
- filter feeders using collar cells
- ## can reproduce sexully or asexually
13
Q
Explain the Cnidaria or Colentrates phylum
A
- Ex) Jelly Fish, Sea Anemone, Coral
- Free floating or are sessile
- Has radial symmetry
- Has tentacles around one body opening
- Has stinging cells
-Has a digestive and primitive nervous system - sexual or asexual reproduction
14
Q
Explain the Platyhelminthes phylum
A
- Ex) Tapeworm, Planaria
- Flatworms
- Use muscles or cilia to move about
- Has bilateral symmetry with long, flat, ribbonlike bodies
- Has one body opening
- Are parasitic or free living
- has digestive, nervous and primitive excretory system
15
Q
Explain the Nematoda phylum
A
- Ex) Hookworm, Ascaris, Fliaria worm
- roundworms
- Use muscles to move about
- Has bilateral symmetry with long, thin, tubelike bodies
- Has two body openings
- Tends to be mainly parasitic
- Has a digestive, nervous , and primitive excretory system
16
Q
Explain the Annelida phylum
A
- Ex) Earthworm, Leach
- Segmented worms
- Has muscles to move about
- Has bilateral symmetry with long, tubelike bodies divided into segments
- Has two openings
- Has a digestive, nervous, excretory and circulatory system
17
Q
Explain the mollusca phylum
A
- Ex) Snails, clams, Octopuses
- Gastropods: Coiled body mass tucked into a shell
- Bivalves: Clams, muscles, Oysters
- Cephalopods: Squid and octopuses
- Use muscles to move about
- has bilateral or no body symmetry
- Has a soft body with an internal or external shell for protection
- Has a digestive, nervous, excretory, circulatory and respiratory system
18
Q
Explain the echinoderms phylum
A
- Ex) Starfish, sea urchins and sand dollars
- Use water canal system to move about
- Has radial symmetry with 5 arms extending from the middle body section
- Has endoskeleton under a spiny skin
- Has digestive, nervous, excretory, circulatory, and respiratory system
- asexual reproduction through regeneration
19
Q
Explain the Arthropoda phylum
A
- Ex) lobster, spider, dragonfly
- The largest phylum in the animal kingdom
- Use muscles to move about
- Has bilateral symmetry where their body is divided into 2 or 3 segments
- Has jointed legs and some have wings
- Has an exoskeleton- hard body covering
- Has a digestive, nervous, excretory, circulatory and respiratory system
- Classes of Arthropods: Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans (lobster)
20
Q
Give 3 reasons as to the success of Arthropods
A
- Many species have larvae that look nothing like the adults and go through metamorphosis (the young do not compete with the adults for food)
- Their body is covered with a tough non-living exoskeleton (provides protection for well-developed body systems)
- Muscles are attached to jointed appendages like legs and mouth parts (are adapted for a particular lifestyle allowing for walking, flying or swimming)
21
Q
What 4 characteristics are common to all chordates?
A
- notochord: supportive but flexible rod on dorsal side
- dorsal hollow nerve chord
- pharyngeal slits (gill slits)
- post anal tail
22
Q
What 8 characteristics are common to all vertebrata?
A
- a backbone of vertebrae (bone and cartillage) containing the dorsal nerve chord
- endoskeleton=living
- advanced nervous system (brain, nerve chord, ganglia, neurons)
- large brain (enlarged anterior end of nerve chord) which is protected by a skull
- complex heart and closed circulatory system
- epidermis specialized for their environment and habitat
- paired appendages specialized for movement
- a large coelom containing vital organs
23
Q
What adaptations have allowed birds to fly?
A
- feathers= insulation, protection and flight
- modified forelimb= wings for flight
- porous bones and reduction of internal organs= lighter
- enlarged sternum (breastbone)= muscle attachment
- complete 4-chambered heart= quicker circulatiom
- airsacs attached to lungs= continuous oxygen supply
- endothermic (warm-blooded) = constant body temperature
24
Q
For the class Agnatha give examples, then explain:
1. Skeleton
2. Outer Cover
3. Temp. Control
4. Circulation
5. Limb Structure
6. Respiration
7. Reproduction
A
Ex) AKA jawless fish (lamprey, hagfish)
1. Primitive composed of cartilage
2. Slimy skin= no scales
3. Ectothermic= cold blooded
4. 2 chambered heart, 1 atrium and 1 ventricle so circulation is unidirectional. Closed circulatory system.
5. No paired fins
6. They have uncovered gill slits so must be moving for respiration to occur
7. External fertilization and egg hatching
25
For the class Chondrichthyes give examples, then explain:
1. Skeleton
2. Outer Cover
3. Temp. Control
4. Circulation
5. Limb Structure
6. Respiration
7. Reproduction
Ex) AKA Cartilaginous fish (shark, skate, ray)
1. composed of cartilage just like scales
2. Sharks have rough sandpaper skin and scales
3. Ectothermic= cold blooded
4. 2 chambered heart with 1 atrium and 1 ventricle so circulation is unidirectional. Closed circulatory system.
5. paired fins, biting jaw, lateral line allowing it to sense pressure changes of water currents
6. Has uncovered gill slits so much be moving to respire
7. External fertilization and hatching of eggs
26
For the class Osteichthyes give examples, then explain:
1. Skeleton
2. Outer Cover
3. Temp. Control
4. Circulation
5. Limb Structure
6. Respiration
7. Reproduction
Ex) AKA Bony Fish (perch, pike, trout)
1. Composed of mainly bone but also cartilage
2. Slimy with scales
3. Ectothermic= cold blooded
4. 2 chambered heart with one atrium and 1 ventricle so circulation is unidirectional. Closed circulatory system.
5. They have paired fins. There are two groups. Ray finned have flat fins and contain the majority of fish. Lobe finned have fleshy fins that move in an alternating manner ex) Coelacanth
6. Have covered gills so can remain stationary in water and still breath.
7. External fertilization and hatching of eggs
27
For the class Amphibia give examples, then explain:
1. Skeleton
2. Outer Cover
3. Temp. Control
4. Circulation
5. Limb Structure
6. Respiration
7. Reproduction
Ex) "Double lives" (frog, salamander)
1. Composed of bone and cartilage
2. Slimy, moist skin that also aids in respiration on land
3. Ectothermic= cold blooded
4. 3 Chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle. They have a closed circulatory system.
5. 2 Pair of limbs suitable for land
6. They have gills as aquatic larvae and lungs as an adult
7. External fertilization and hatching of eggs in water
28
For the class Reptilia give examples, then explain:
1. Skeleton
2. Outer Cover
3. Temp. Control
4. Circulation
5. Limb Structure
6. Respiration
7. Reproduction
Ex) Turtle, lizard, snake
1. Made of mostly bone and some cartilage
2. Dry, scaly skin to prevent water loss
3. Ectothermic= cold blooded
4. 3 Chambered heart with 2 atria and 1 ventricle. It also has a septum allowed for move efficient circulation. Closed circulatory system.
5. Limbs are beneath body and they have claws to enhance movement. 2 pairs of limbs almost always present.
6. Air through lungs
7. They have an amniotic egg
- it is developed through internal fertilization and laid on land
- it prevents the embryo from drying out while providing nutrients and oxygen
29
For the class Aves give examples, then explain:
1. Skeleton
2. Outer Cover
3. Temp. Control
4. Circulation
5. Limb Structure
6. Respiration
7. Reproduction
Ex) AKA Birds (Chicken, robin, goose, penguin, hawk)
1. Composed of hollow porous bones which keep it lightweight for flight. They also have an enlarged breastbone which allows for muscle attachment.
2. They have feather for insulation, protection and flight.
3. Endothermic= warm blooded
4. They have a 4 chambered heart for quicker circulation. Their heart has a septum and their circulatory system is closed.
5. Wings to fly, claws, beaks
6. Occurs through lungs
7. Amniotic egg
- it is developed through internal fertilization and laid on land
- it prevents the embryo from drying out while providing nutrients and oxygen
30
For the class Mammalia give examples, then explain:
1. Skeleton
2. Outer Cover
3. Temp. Control
4. Circulation
5. Limb Structure
6. Respiration
7. Reproduction
Ex) bat, whale, dog, human
1. Composed of bone and some cartilage
2. Skin covered in hair or fur
3. Endothermic= warm blooded
4. They have a 4 chambered heart with to atria and 2 ventricles. Their heart has a septum and their circulatory system is closed
5. They have 2 pairs of appendages adapted to habitat
6. Occurs through lungs
7. Internal fertilization and embryo development
31
Explain Monotremes
Ex) Platypus
- a type of mammal
- external hatching of an amniote egg
32
Explain Marsupials
Ex) Kangaroo, koala
- a type of mammal
- bear partially developed young which require futher development
- the offspring develops in the mother's pouch
33
Explain Placentals
Ex) Bat, dog, human
- a type of mammal
- produce a placenta connecting the mother to the unborn embryo
- the placenta provides nutrients and oxygen while removing wastes until the embryo develops into a miniature adult in a placental sac
34
Explain how the following prove to be an evolutionary advantage:
a) 4 chambered heart
b) Internal fertilization and development
c) presence of an endoskeleton
a) Allows for quicker circulation. It also allows for a highly efficient supply of oxygenated blood to all areas of the body. It is good for animals with high energy needs. Ex) birds and mammals
b) - It protects the fertilized eggs from problems on land such as dehydration
- Limits predatation of young
- gives that specific individual a better chance at survival
c) - provides support for the body
- protects internal organs
- Allows for movement through contraction of muscles attached to skeleton
35
What are the advantages and disadvantages of having and exoskeleton?
Advantages: Provided protection for well developed body system
Disadvantages: Must be shed and molted thus limiting their size
36
List three adaptations the parasitic platyhelminthes have made in order to live a parasitic life and explain how they help.
- Can grow up to 50 feet in length: large size allows them to absorb more nutrients from the host
- don't have digestive system because the organism they live in already has digested food so they don't need one: Leaves more room for proglottids (reproductive system)
- They have a well-developed reproductive system in the form of proglottids. Each one contains both male and female reproductive structures: allows for reproduction within the host.
37
What are the two body types in Cnidarians?
Pollyp- sessile, cylindrical, sac like body (Coral and Sea Amemone)
Medusa- motile, bell like form (jellyfish)
38
Biology 30
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