PMHP Overview

Question 1

What is CPD?

Answer 1

Continuing professional development
- process of tracking and documenting skills, knowledge and experience that you gain formally and informally throughout career
- requirement by GDC
- supports dentists in maintaining and updating their skills

Question 2

Give 3 suggested CPD topics:

Answer 2

• Medical emergencies
• Disinfection and decontamination
• Radiography and radiation protection

Question 3

What are the 7 components of clinical governance?

Answer 3

ACCESS R
- Clinical effectiveness and research
- Audit
- Risk management
- Education and training
- Service user, carer and public involvement
- Clinical information and IT
- Staffing and staff management

Question 4

What are the 6 dimensions of healthcare quality?

Answer 4

Safe = avoiding harm to patients from the care that is intended to help them

Effective = Providing services based on scientific knowledge to all who could benefit and refraining from providing services to those not likely to benefit

Patient centred = Providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs and values

Timely = Reducing waits and sometimes harmful delays for both those who receive and those who give care

Efficient = Avoiding waste, including waste of equipment, supplies, ideas, and energy

Equitable = Providing care that does not vary in quality because of personal characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, geographic location, and socioeconomic status

Question 5

Give 6 members of the dental team that have to be registered with the GDC?

Answer 5

• Dentist
• Dental nurse
• Dental Hygienist
• Dental Therapist
• Orthodontic Therapist
• Dental technicians

Question 6

What is a clinical audit? What is it for?

Answer 6

Quality improvement process that seeks to improve patient care and outcome through systematic review of care against explicit criteria/standards and the implementation of change

Used to observe gaps in knowledge, learning, attitudes, protocols and training

Question 7

What is the audit cycle?

Answer 7

• Identify problem or issue
• Set criteria and standards
• Observe practise/data collection
• Compare performance with criteria or standards
• Implementing change & following up

Question 8

What are the three divisions of NHS Scotland dental services?

Answer 8

Primary care = general dental practises
Public dental services = community services
Secondary care = hospital services

Question 9

What are the four pillars of ethics?

Answer 9

• Autonomy
• Non-maleficence
• Beneficence
• Justice

Question 10

What is negligence?

Answer 10

The omission to do something which a reasonable practitioner would do, or doing something which a reasonable practitioner would not do.

Question 11

What is the criteria for clinical negligence?

Answer 11

• Dentist owed a duty of care
• Duty/standard of care was breached
• Breach in care caused or contributed to damage/harm
• Damage was reasonably foreseeable and had negative consequences and effects

Question 12

What should notes be?

Answer 12

CCCC AL RR

• confidential
• complete
• concise
• current
• accurate
• legible
• retrievable
• retained

Question 13

Who is on the GDC board?

Answer 13

12 members
- 6 registrants
- 6 lay members

Question 14

What type of study provides the highest level of evidence?

Answer 14

Systematic reviews of randomised control trials (Cochrane reviews)

Question 15

List 4 aspects of Systematic Reviews:

Answer 15

• Specific and well formulated question
• Inclusion and exclusion criteria
• Multiple databases searched
• Avoidance of bias

Question 16

Give 3 study designs:

Answer 16

RCT = effectiveness and efficacy of treatments

Cohort = prospective study

Case control = retrospective study

Case study = one patient report

Question 17

What is incidence?

Answer 17

Number of new disease cases developing over a specific period of time in a defined population

[number of new disease cases/number of population at risk]

Question 18

What is prevalence?

Answer 18

The number of disease cases in a population at a given time

[number of affected individuals/total number of people in population]

Question 19

What is SIMD?

Answer 19

Index/tool used to identify areas of deprivation/poverty/inequality in Scotland
- 1 most deprived
- 10 least deprived

Question 20

What 7 factors influence deprivation?

Answer 20

• Employment status
• Income
• Crime
• Housing, living, working conditions
• Access to services
• Health care services
• Education, skills and training

Question 21

What are the principles of the Adults With Incapacity Act 2000?

Answer 21

• Benefit of procedure
• Minimum intervention [least restrictive option]
• Take past and present wishes of adult into consideration
• Consultation with adult and relevant others
• Encourage adult to use/exercise residual capacity

Question 22

what is capacity?

Answer 22

Someone has capacity when they can:
- Act
- Make decision
- Communicate this decision
- Understand this decision
- Retain memory of decision

Question 23

Name 4 legislations for decontamination:

Answer 23

• Health and Safety at Work Act
• COSHH
• SHTM 01-05
• The Medical Device Directive 2007

Question 24

Give 4 factors in the aetiology of dental anxiety:

Answer 24

• Previous adverse dental experiences
• Influence of family members and friends
• Social media influence
• Poor understanding of dental procedures/techniques

Question 25

How may an anxious patient present?

Answer 25

- High neuroticism - Low pain threshold - Negative expectations - Withdrawn, depressive, sweating - Upset/crying

Question 26

What is the cycle of behaviour change?

Answer 26

- Pre-contemplation - Contemplation - Preparation - Action - Maintenance with progress/relapse at any stage

Question 27

Give 4 management techniques for anxious patients:

Answer 27

- Desensitisation - Acclimitisation - CBT - Sedation - Distraction

Question 28

Give 4 examples of coping mechanisms of stress:

Answer 28

- Exercise - CBT - Knowing personal limits - Good work/life balance

Question 29

What are the recommended allowances of alcohol intake for male and females?

Answer 29

14 units per week with at least 2 alcohol free days - units spread over 3 days

Question 30

How do you offer smoking intervention?

Answer 30

Ask Advise Assist Assess Arrange

Question 31

What chemicals are used to clean a blood spill?

Answer 31

Sodium hypochlorite 10,000ppm Sodium dichloroisocyanurate 10,000ppm

Question 32

What document is a GDP required to keep for waste disposal?

Answer 32

Consignment note for 3 years - description - destination - quantity - origin - transport

Question 33

How long should notes be kept for?

Answer 33

Minimum 3 years but ideally 11 years or until age 25 for children

Question 34

What factors make up consent?

Answer 34

- informed - valid - pt has capacity - voluntary - non-manipulated - non-coerced

Question 35

What are the stages of significant event analysis?

Answer 35

1. Identify event 2. Collect information 3. Set meeting to discuss findings 4. Meet & analyse 5. Change & monitor 6. Write up 7. Seek external feedback

Question 36

What values regarding confidence intervals are important?

Answer 36

Risk Ratio - If crosses 1 when comparing 2 risks then there is no difference and results are not significant Absolute Risk Difference - If crosses 0 when comparing 2 means then not significant

Question 37

What is a p-value?

Answer 37

Statistical significance of results, usually null hypothesis <0.05 is significant

Question 38

What temperature, pressure and time is sterilisation carries out with?

Answer 38

134-137 degrees celcius 2.1-2.3 bar 3 minutes

Question 39

What is burnout?

Answer 39

Disengagement and exhaustion often associated with dissatisfaction and negativity