Pollination

Question 1

Definition Of Pollination

Types

Answer 1

The transfer of pollen from the mature anther to the mature stigma.

1. Self Pollination
2. Cross Pollination

Question 2

Breeding Pattern

Answer 2

• Plants are at the mercy of pollen carriers(Vectors)
~ Plants pollinated by vectors which travel great distances
• Wind&Bumblebees: lead to effective breeding populations

~ Plants pollinated by vectors which travel short distances.
• Small insects: leads to localized breeding populations.

Question 3

SELF POLLINATION

Answer 3

• Plants pollinated by their own pollen
• Occurs in many cultivated plants
~ Good/Bad news of self-pollination
• Homozygosity (More Uniform)
• Focus on adaptation to environments (Desert animals)

Question 4

CROSS-POLLINATION

Answer 4

•Plants receiving pollen from other plants.
• Pollination by insects, wind, birds, mammals and water.
• Mechanisms to prevent self-pollination
~ Self incompatibly (in Camellia)
~ Timing mechanisms(readiness of stigma & anther)-Lily & Amaryllis
~ Sex parts on different plants (dioecious)- Ginkgo, Willow & Poplar
• Good/Bad News Of Cross Pollination
~ Heterozygosity
~ Focus on diversity and survival in Environment

Question 5

Regulatory Factors Of Pollination Vectors
A. Wind Pollination

Answer 5

• No colour, little scent, small and often dioecious

Question 6

Regulatory Factors Of Pollination Vectors
B. “Rewards” provided by the plant.

Answer 6

1. Food(Insects, Birds and Mammals)
   a) Pollen, Nectar & Oil
2. Sensory (Insects, Birds and Mammals)
   a) Odour, Temperature, Motion, Visual(Shape, Size, Colour)

Question 7

Regulatory Factors Of Pollination Vectors
C. Attracting Pollinators

1. Most Pollinators

Answer 7

a) Attracted to a single showy flower
b) Bees cannot perceive red light-but can perceive UV light
~ Bees are mostly attracted to yellow and blue flowers (white/UV light)

Question 8

Regulatory Factors Of Pollination Vectors
C. Attracting Pollinators

2. Animal Pollinators

Answer 8

a) Food- Nectar, Oil, Pollen, etc
b) Rest area- Warmth, Breeding, etc
c) Odor-Sweet, Fruity, Sexy, etc

Question 9

Regulatory Factors Of Pollination Vectors
C. Attracting Pollinators

3. Insect Pollinators

Answer 9

a) Colour & Nectar Guides
b) Odor-Sweet, Fruity, Putrid (Flies & Beetles), “female-like”

Question 10

Regulatory Factors Of Pollination Vectors
C. Attracting Pollinators

4. Specific Insects: Moths & Butterflies

Answer 10

a) Day and Night flowers.
b) Moths- flowers emit fragrance at night.
c) Some butterflies see red light.

Question 11

Regulatory Factors Of Pollination Vectors
C. Attracting Pollinators

5. Birds

Answer 11

a) Can see red light
b) Flowers usually not scented but brightly coloured[Cacti, Columbines, Hibiscus, Bananas, etc]

Question 12

Regulatory Factors Of Pollination Vectors
C. Attracting Pollinators

6. Mammals

Answer 12

a) Bats: Strong, Fruity colors
b) Others(Climbers): Possum, Monkey