Population

Question 1

Birth rate

Answer 1

The number of live births per 1000 people per year

Question 2

Death rate

Answer 2

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year

Question 3

Fertility rate

Answer 3

The average number of children a woman of child bearing age (15-44) will have

Question 4

IMR

Answer 4

Number of babies which die before their first birthday per 1000 live births per year

Question 5

Life expectancy

Answer 5

The average length of time which someone is expected to live for

Question 6

Population density

Answer 6

The average number of people per km^2 in a country

Question 7

Longevity

Answer 7

The increase in life expectancy overtime

Question 8

Natural change

Answer 8

The birth rate minus death rate. The population will increase if the birth rate is greater than the death rate.

Question 11

Human development index

Answer 11

A statistical tool used to gauge a country’s overall socioeconomic development

Question 13

What are the 5 stages of the DTM called?

Answer 13

1) high fluctuating
2) early expanding
3) late expanding
4) low fluctuating
5) decline

Question 14

Average BR and DR in stage 1 of the DTM

Answer 14

Both around 35/1000

Question 15

Average BR and DR for a stage 2 country

Answer 15

BR:35/1000
DR: 15/1000

Question 16

What are the average BR and DR for a stage 3 country?

Answer 16

BR: 13/1000
DR: 10/1000

Question 17

Average BR and DR for a stage 4 country

Answer 17

Both 10/1000

Question 18

Pros of the DTM

Answer 18

1) it shows how a population can change over time
2) it is easy to compare different countries on
3) it allows you to forecast how a country’s population may change

Question 19

What are the disadvantages of the DTM

Answer 19

1) it is Eurocentric
2) the original DTM didn’t have a stage 5 it was added later
3) it doesn’t take into account development indicators such as education and the role of women. Both of which have an impact on birth rate
4) Religion and customs may affect how a population changes. The DTM fails to take this into account
5) Extreme poverty and low levels of development may prevent initial population growth preventing some LDC’s from advancing through the stages
6) The DTM can’t predict when a country will reach a certain stage or how long it will take to get through it
7) It doesn’t consider migration
8) Factors such as war, population policies and HIV/AIDS can affect population change

Question 20

When did the UK go through each stage in the DTM?

Answer 20

Stage 1- prehistoric times to 1760
Stage 2- 1760-1880
Stage 3- 1880-1940
Stage 4- 1940-present day
Stage 5- present day onwards

Question 21

What are the bands of sex age pyramids called?

Answer 21

Cohorts

Question 22

What are the factors which interrelate to cause population growth?

Answer 22

1) health
2) education
3) social provision
4) cultural factors
5) political factors
6) environmental factors

Question 23

What are the benefits of a census?

Answer 23

1) Valuable information for governments, helps in decision making about where to spend resource e.g. Health, education, employment
2) Records trends over the previous decade and helps future planning
3) Helps governments predict migration patterns and changes in population structure
4) allows governments to estimate demand for housing

Question 24

What does a census provide information on?

Answer 24

Employment, ethnicity, housing and education

Question 25

How often is a census carried out in the UK?

Answer 25

Every 10 years

Question 26

How do retailers, financial services, advertisers and property developers benefit from a census?

Answer 26

1) Provides information on regional lifestyles
2) Companies can target marketing campaigns on postcode areas
3) Allows insurance companies to make more accurate risk assessments
4) Allows shops to stock area appropriate foods e.g. More ready meals in an area with a high proportion of single adults

Question 27

What are some of the issues with a census?

Answer 27

1) They see them as a threat to privacy
2) Some people don’t return them
3) conflicts and political conditions can make them difficult to carry out

Question 28

What is the replacement rate in terms of fertility?

Answer 28

The rate at which a country's population can sustain itself (2.1)

Question 29

Name 3 countries which have already seen falls in population

Answer 29

Italy Russia Portugal

Question 30

What is the dependency ratio?

Answer 30

It shows the relationship between the working population and the dependent population (population 0-19 + pop 60+)/ population 20-59

Question 31

The support ratio

Answer 31

The inverse of the dependency ratio

Question 32

Juvenility index

Answer 32

Young dependents (0-19) Divided by: The working population (20-59)

Question 33

Old age index

Answer 33

Elderly dependents 60+ Divided by: The working population 20-59

Question 34

Name 4 population pessimists

Answer 34

1) Malthus 1798 2) Neo-Malthusians 3) The club of Rome 4) Ehrlich

Question 35

What were the population pessimists views?

Answer 35

Population would increase leading to: - increased demand for food - less food per person - increased morality - decreased fertility - decline in population

Question 36

What were the population pessimists supporting evidence?

Answer 36

- wars and famines in Ethiopia, Sudan, Sahel - FAO: over 800 million people are chronically malnourished, 2 billion lack food security - population growth in LEDC's accelerated after mortality fell - water scarcity is predicted to become a major issue - Ehlrich says there is a hopeless imbalance between food production and population - climate change: Bali roadmap

Question 37

Who are the population optimists?

Answer 37

1) Boserup 2) Simon 3) Lomborg

Question 38

What do the population optimists believe?

Answer 38

1) population increases sooooo 2) there's an increased demand for food 3) improvements in technology 4) population growth continues unchecked

Question 39

What were the 8 millennium goals development goals?

Answer 39

1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2) achieve universal primary education 3) promote gender equality and empower women 4) reduce child mortality 5) improve maternal health 6) combat HIV/AIDS malaria and other diseases 7) ensure environmental sustainability 8) develop a global partnership for development

Question 40

Sustainable development was defined where, when and how was it expressed ?

Answer 40

``` Where: Stockholm When: 1972 How was it expressed: -maintain ecological processes - preserve genetic diversity - ensure the sustainable utilisation of species and ecosystems ```

Question 41

What did the Brundtland report (1987) define sustainability as?

Answer 41

'Development which meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'

Question 42

How did economic sustainability take the original definition of sustainability further?

Answer 42

It incorporated the ability for economies to sustain themselves when resources decline or become too expensive, and when populations dependent on these are growing.

Question 43

Name 3 other international summits focused on sustainable development

Answer 43

1) Rio 1992 2) Kyoto 1997 3) Johannesburg 2002

Question 44

What are the principles of environmental sustainability as defined by the international summits?

Answer 44

- people should be at the heart of concerns regarding development - states should have the right to exploit their own land but shouldn't damage that if others - laws should be enhanced regarding liability for pollution and compensation - states should pass on information about natural disasters and notify neighbours of the unforeseen consequences and accidental consequences of any activities that may cross boundaries

Question 45

What are the principles of economic sustainability as defined by the international summits?

Answer 45

- the right to development must be fulfilled to meet the needs of the present and future generations - all states should cooperate in eliminating poverty in order to decrease disparities in standards of living - the special needs of developing countries, particularly the least developed and environmentally most vulnerable should be given priority - unsustainable consumption and production patterns should be eliminated and appropriate demographic policies should be promoted

Question 46

Describe a sex age pyramid for a youthful population

Answer 46

``` An expansive shape cohorts that tapers upwards It is concave wide base indicating high birth rate Few cohorts above 60 indicating a low life expectancy ```

Question 47

What do bulges on the sex age pyramid at the ages of 20-30 indicate?

Answer 47

Immigration of young professionals

Question 48

Describe a sex age pyramid fro an ageing population

Answer 48

It has an contracting shape A narrow base indicating a low birth rate Bulge around middle age More bands above 60 indicating a higher life expectancy

Question 49

Overpopulation

Answer 49

Where there are too many people for an area of land with the current level of technology to maintain a good standard of living

Question 50

Underpopulation

Answer 50

Where there are too few people in an area to use the resources efficiently. This is characterised by high but not maximum GDP, low levels of unemployment and inward migration

Question 51

Optimum population

Answer 51

Theoretical stage where population and resources are at a perfect balance