Portugal

Question 1

Portugal History and Business

Answer 1

• long history (Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, English influence)
• French war, Peninsula war and Portuguese Civil War, Phylloxera –> drop in quantity and quality, rise in coops –> high volume, poor quality
• 1940s Mateus Rose founded –> biggest export, sourced from small gorwers, importance of coops
• return to democracy in 1970s and EU membership in 1980s –> investment (infastructure, research, equipment), better quality, Sogrape wine company
• now focus on export –> ripe red wines and fresh white wines at inexpensive and mid priced, indiginous grapes for engaged consumers (10% of world production) France, US, UK, Brasil
• grape growing important (35% of total production)
• usually small holdings
• move to growers becoming producers, small volume winemakers with quality focus
• steady growth

Question 2

The Growing Environment in Portugal

Answer 2

Latitude: 38 - 42N
Influences:
- Atlantic –> cool, rainy weather
- Mountains –> protection –> continental inland
- Latitude –> warmer dryer south, rolling hills and plains

Soil: varied
- schist / granite: mountains (Vinho Verde, Douro, Dao, some hilly areas of Alentejo)
- varied: clay / limestone / sandy: coastal (Bairrada, Lisboa, Tejo, Peninsula de Setubal)
- fertile alluvial: riverbanks (fe Tejo)

Question 3

Areas in Portugal

Answer 3

Areas: 1. Vinho Verde 2. Duoro 3. Dao 4. Bairrada 5. Alentejo 6. Lisboa 7. Peninsula de Setubal 8. Tejo

Question 5

Vineyard Management in Portugal

Answer 5

• reduction in plantings (EU vine pull scheme)
• replanting focused on quality (restrictions) –> fe Alentejo (warm, dry sunny climate) –> soft, ripe style (export) –> large, young vineyard holdings
• vintage variations
• risks: drought (climate change), extreme weather (hail, storms, wildfires), rain (fruit set, fungal), Esca, grapevine moths

Training:
- mostly cordon or replacment cane with VSP trellising
- some old bush vines (Douro and Alentejo), often field blends

Irrigation: allowed for quality (some regional restrictions)

Low organic certification (2%), often organic practice but not certified

Question 6

Grape Varieties in Portugal

Answer 6

• Variety of Grapes, mostly native
• Some International Varieties (not Douro, Dao or Vinho Verde) –> trend for more local varieties
• usually blended (exception Baga in Bairrada, Encruzado in Dao, Alvarinho in Vinho Verde)

Question 7

Winemaking in Portugal

Answer 7

EU –> Modernisation of winemaking practices and equipment
–> protective winemaking (SS, Temp control –> fruity wines, better whites)
–> destemming equipment and French oak use –> better red wines (tannin management)

Some traditional techniques, fe
- lg portuguese oak and Brazilian hardwood (3000-6000l) toneis, fe Bairrada,
- less oak use, some foudres (2000-5000L),
- fermentation and foot treading in lagares (shallow fermenters from schist, marble, SS)
- Clay vessels for fermentation and ageing including fermentation on skins (DOC Vinho de Talha in Alentejo)

White wines:
- Pre fermentation skin contact (premium)
- Fermenting on skins
- Natural wines

Question 8

Wine Law and Regulations in Portugal

Answer 8

PDO / PGI system:
- DOC / DOP: 31 DOCs (regional regulations, tastings)
- VR: regional wines, PGI, 14 VRs –> less stringent (more varieties)
- Vinho: all other wines

Question 9

Grape Growing Environment in Vinho Verde DOC

Answer 9

NW Portugal

Climate: Moderate maritime

Influences:
- Atlantic –> cooling
- River Minho and Douro –> valleys funnel winds inland
- Peneda Geres National Park Mountains –> more continental in the east, poorer soils (subzones Baiao and Moncao e Melgaco) –> later ripening grape varieties (Avesso) and more body and alcohol (Alvarinho)

Rain: high at 1500mm throughout –> marked vintage variations

Soil: granite bedrock with shallow topsoil with sandy texture –> good drainage, low fertility –> fertilisers (manure) are needed

Question 10

Vineyard Management in Vinho Verde DOC

Answer 10

• high rainfall –> fungal disease risk

Training: all high (for air circulation)
- trad: trained up trees or trellises over terraces –> air circulation
- now: single or double Guyot (replacement cane) with VSP or Lyre

Summer pruning: removal of lateral shoots, leaf removal, green harvesting –> better fruit ripening, air circulation

Question 12

Grape Varieties in Vinho Verde

Answer 12

Shift from red to white (now 82 %)

Grape varieties:
- Loureiro: , white, coastal areas, early ripening, med plus acidity, citrus, pear, floral, herbal
- Alvarinho: white, Albarino, citrus, peach, some tropical, med plus body, med plus to high acidity, grown in the north, quality recognition –> increased planting
- Pederna: Arinto, white, mid ripening, more neutral, subtle citurs and apple, high acidity
- Avesso: white, late ripening, risk of unripe –> grown inland or south (fe Baiao) where warmer, lower acidity, full body, citrus, stone
- Trajadura (Treixadura): white, low acidity, apple, peach, often blended (for higher acidity)
- Vinhao: Sousao, Souson: black variety, deep colour, cherry, high acidity

Question 13

Loureiro in Vinho Verde

Answer 13

• Loureiro: , white, coastal areas, early ripening, med plus acidity, citrus, pear, floral, herbal

Question 14

Alvarinho in Vinho Verde

Answer 14

• Alvarinho: white, Albarino, citrus, peach, some tropical, med plus body, med plus to high acidity, grown in the north, quality recognition –> increased planting

If from Moncao e Melgaco –> lower max yields, min alc 11.5% –> can be named on label

Question 15

Pederno in Vinho Verde

Answer 15

• Pederna: Arinto, white, mid ripening, more neutral, subtle citurs and apple, high acidity

Question 16

Avesso in Vinho Verde

Answer 16

• Avesso: white, late ripening, risk of unripe –> grown inland or south (fe Baiao) where warmer, lower acidity, full body, citrus, stone

Question 17

Trajadura in Vinho Verde

Answer 17

• Trajadura (Treixadura): white, low acidity, apple, peach, often blended (for higher acidity)

Question 18

Vinhao in Vinho Verde

Answer 18

• Vinhao: Sousao, Souson: black variety, deep colour, cherry, high acidity

Question 19

Winemaking in Vinho Verde

Answer 19

Inexpensive:
- grapes from anywhere in the region and blended
- protective winemaking (cool ferm temp, SS)
- early bottling
- carbon dioxide added for light spritz
–> low alcohol, med plus to high acidity, apple, citrus and / or peach, sometimes RS
–> good, made my coops and merchants

Quality:
- small winemakers
- usually still, some single varietal, single sites
- some ambient yeast
- some old oak fermentation and / or maturation
- some lees ageing (few months) –> complexity, texture
- mid to premium
- VG

Question 20

Wine Law in Vinho Verde

Answer 20

• name of sub region –> min 9% alc (else 8%)
• Only Moncao and Melgaco can name Albarinho on the label as single varietal (other regions need to label it as Minho VR)

Question 21

Wine Business in Vinho Verde

Answer 21

• very fragmented –> coops and merchants important
• fe Anselmo Mendes, Quinta de Soalheiro
• growth in exports around 35% export (USA, Germany, Brazil, France, USA)

Question 22

Grape Growing Environment in Duoro

Answer 22

Latitude: 41N
Climate: warm continental

Influences:
- Duoro River –> valleys, variety of aspects and altitudes –> huge range of microclimates
- Serra do Marao –> altitude, shields from Atlantic

Subregions:
- Douro Superior (Upper): hot and arid 450 mm
- **Cima Corgo **(Centre): warmer and dryer than Baixo 700mm rain
- Baixo Corgo (West): most Atlantic influences –> coolest and wettest 900 mm rain

Soil: schist bedrock, shallow soil –> stony, low water holding, but vertical layers –> deep roots to get water

–> irrigation allowed for quality

Question 23

History and Business in Duoro

Answer 23

• best know Portugues wine region (port production)
• most wine produced in Portugal
• since 1982 still wines DOC
• started by Almeida (visited Bordeaux, made Barca Velha –> experimentation, settled on Tempranillo –> now super premium)
• EU in 1980s –> modern equipment (SS, temp control)
• often single estates (single quinta) for quality
• mostly red wine (78%), growth market, Port producers make still wines
• inexpensive, high volume, from different growers, often coops
• Problem: port beneficio prices –> lower prices for still wine production
• Export 37% to UK, Canada, Germany

Question 24

Grape Growing in Douro

Answer 24

• shallow soil –> low water holding capacity –> irrigation allowed for quality
• often steep slopes –> socalcos (narrow terraces, high density, handwork, less popular, UNESCO protected), patamares (terraces with drystone walls, low density, cheaper, mechanisation possible, risk, erosion and weed growth), vinha ao Alto (vertical planting, mechanisation, least expensive, only for less than 22degree, water run off, erosion)
• Vine training: flexible: cordon-trained and spur-pruned, or headtrained and cane-pruned with VSP –> mechanisation, canopy management
• Drought tolerant rootstocks (110R)

Risks: spring frost at altitude, rain at flowering and fruit set in the west

Poor nutrients: fertiliser use, herbicides for weed control

Often hand harvest (steep slopes)

Question 25

Red Grape Varieties in Duoro

Answer 25

Usually blended - **Touriga Franca**: late ripening (warmest sites), thick skins, high vigour, colour, tannin, acidity, juicy red and black fruit, floral, not jammy, retains acidity, often used, med body, med alc - **Touriga Nacional**: mid ripening, thick skins --> deep colour and high tannins, vigour needs managing, risk coulure, retains acidity, concentrated black fruit and floral (violet, rose, orange blossom) --> well structured, ageing potential, often used - Tinta Roriz (**Tempranillo**): early ripening, easily water stressed (best in the coolest sites), high yielding --> yield management necc, body and colour - **Tinta Barroca**: early ripening, risk heat damage --> best on cooler sites, high yielding, less floral, earthier, can lack acidity --> coolest sites, unstable colour - **Tinto Cao**: low yielding, small, thick skin, less fungal risk, late ripening, very heat tolerant, concentrated, high acidity, ageworthy - **Sousao**: thick skin, deep colour, retains acidity, increasingly used, high acidity, freshness even in warm years

Question 26

Sousao in Duoro

Answer 26

Usually blended, red - **Sousao**: thick skin, deep colour, retains acidity, increasingly used, high acidity, freshness even in warm years

Question 27

White Grape Varieties in Duoro

Answer 27

usually blended grown at highest altitude --> cooler days, diurnal range --> retain acidity - **Viosinho**: full bodied, floral, stone fruit, can lack acidity - **Rabigato**: high acidity, citrus and floral - Gouveiro (**Godello**): medium plus acidity, citrus and stone fruit - Moscatel Galega Branca (**Muscat a Petit Grains)**: aromatic

Question 28

Viosinho in Duoro

Answer 28

usually blended grown at highest altitude --> cooler days, diurnal range --> retain acidity - **Viosinho**: full bodied, floral, stone fruit, can lack acidity

Question 29

Rabigato in Duoro

Answer 29

usually blended grown at highest altitude --> cooler days, diurnal range --> retain acidity - **Rabigato**: high acidity, citrus and floral

Question 30

Godello in Duoro

Answer 30

usually blended grown at highest altitude --> cooler days, diurnal range --> retain acidity - Gouveiro (**Godello**): medium plus acidity, citrus and stone fruit

Question 31

Tinto Cao in Duoro

Answer 31

Usually blended, red - **Tinto Cao**: low yielding, small, thick skin, less fungal risk, late ripening, very heat tolerant, concentrated, high acidity, ageworthy

Question 32

Tinta Barroca in Duoro

Answer 32

Usually blended - **Tinta Barroca**: early ripening, risk heat damage --> best on cooler sites, high yielding, less floral, earthier, can lack acidity --> coolest sites, unstable colour

Question 33

Tempranillo in Duoro

Answer 33

Usually blended, red - Tinta Roriz (**Tempranillo**): early ripening, easily water stressed (best in the coolest sites), high yielding --> yield management necc, body and colour

Question 34

Touriga Nacional in Duoro

Answer 34

Usually blended, red - **Touriga Nacional**: mid ripening, thick skins --> deep colour and high tannins, vigour needs managing, risk coulure, retains acidity, concentrated black fruit and floral (violet, rose, orange blossom) --> well structured, ageing potential, often used

Question 35

Touriga Franca in Duoro

Answer 35

usually blended, red - **Touriga Franca**: late ripening (warmest sites), thick skins, high vigour, colour, tannin, acidity, juicy red and black fruit, floral, not jammy, retains acidity, often used, med body, med alc

Question 36

Muscat a Petit Grains in Duoro

Answer 36

usually blended grown at highest altitude --> cooler days, diurnal range --> retain acidity - Moscatel Galega Branca (**Muscat a Petit Grains)**: aromatic

Question 37

Winemaking Styles in Duoro DOC

Answer 37

Types: - red - whites - rose - sparkling Quality levels: range - inexpensive, good, early drinking - premium to super premium, VG to outstanding, intensity and complexity (some from field blends of old vines) fe Prats & Symington and Qunta do Vale Meao

Question 38

Red Winemaking in Duoro DOC

Answer 38

- **Destemmed** (high tannin levels --> no tannin from stems needed, risk of unripe) - Ferm in **SS with temp control**, relatively low **24-28C **to control tannin extraction - sometimes shallow **lagares** - pressed off the skins after fermentation (early drinking) - post fermentation maceration (quality) --> extract and soften tannins - maturation in **large oak** (trad larger portuguese oak and small French oak barriques, trend for less oak

Question 39

White Wine making in Duoro DOC and style

Answer 39

Inexpensive: - ferm at cool temp in SS, bottled soon after --> light to medium, med to med plus acidity, good - Muscat a Petit Grain for aroma intensity Premium: - grapes from old vines - oak fermented and matured (new or old) -->. more intensity and variety of aromas, greater body and texture --> VG (some outstanding)

Question 40

Rose Wine Making in Duoro

Answer 40

- small volume - shorter maceration time on skins --> simple and early consumption

Question 42

Duriense VR

Answer 42

- VR in Duoro, Portugal - low volume - good for use of non-local varieties (Chardonnay, Riesling, Syrah)

Question 43

The Growing Environment in Dao

Answer 43

Portugal, South of Vinho Verde and Douro and Inland from Bairrada DOC Climate: warm mediterranean Rain: high 1600 mm (autumn and winter) Influences: - surrounded by **mountains** --> protection from cool maritime weather and warm, arid winds from south and east --> cool air, gentle slopes - **Altitude**: 200-900m --> moderating, diurnal range - **pine** and **eucalyptus** forests --> aroma Topography: range of hills, valleys, mountain sides --> varied **aspects** and **altitudes** (mostly 400-500m, some 200 m some 900 m) Soils: weathered **granite** with **sandy** or **loamy** texture --> low organic matter, less vigour --> **free draining** --> risk of water stress, Risks: hail, spring frost (frost pockets)

Question 44

Terras do Dao VR

Answer 44

VR in Dao

Question 45

Grape Growing in Dao

Answer 45

Training: Gentle slopes --> trad **bush** vines --> now double or single **Guyot** (replacement cane) or **cordon trained with VSP** Harvest: vintage variations

Question 46

Red Grape Varieties in Dao

Answer 46

Mostly red wine (80%), often blended - Jaen (**Mencia**): moderate acidity, raspberry, blackberry, some carbonic maceration --> fruity, early consumption, gives softness and ripe fruit - **Touriga Nacional**: deep colour, high tannins, high acidity, black fruit, floral, herbal, some single varietal for bottle ageing, gives structure - Tinta Roriz (**Tempranillo**): early ripening, deep colour, med to med plus tannins, full body, some single varietal for bottle ageing, gives structure - **Alfrocheiro**: med tannins, med body, strawberry, blackberry, single varietal --> soft, fruity, early consumption, some rose, gives softness and ripe fruit Overall less full bodied and intense than Douro reds (fresher, higher acidity)

Question 47

Red Winemaking in Dao

Answer 47

- often **blended**: Jaen, Touriga Nacional, Tempranillo, Alforcheiro - some single varietal - some **carbonic maceration** for Jaen (Mencia) Trad: long maceration and maturation in old oak --> astringent, lacking fruit Now: **shorter maceration**, aging in **oak (new)**, trend to use less oak --> good to oustanding, mid to premium, some super premium

Question 48

Touriga Nacional In Dao

Answer 48

- **Touriga Nacional**: deep colour, high tannins, high acidity, black fruit, floral, herbal, some single varietal for bottle ageing, gives structure

Question 49

Tempranillo in Dao

Answer 49

- Tinta Roriz (**Tempranillo**): early ripening, deep colour, med to med plus tannins, full body, some single varietal for bottle ageing, gives structure

Question 50

Alfrocheiro in Dao

Answer 50

- **Alfrocheiro**: med tannins, med body, strawberry, blackberry, single varietal --> soft, fruity, early consumption, some rose, gives softness and ripe fruit

Question 51

Jaen in Dao

Answer 51

- Jaen (**Mencia**): moderate acidity, raspberry, blackberry, some carbonic maceration --> fruity, early consumption, gives softness and ripe fruit

Question 52

White Grape Varieties in Dao

Answer 52

**Encuzado** for quality Other (often blended): - Bical - Malvasia Fina (Boal) - Fernao Pires

Question 53

Encruzado in Dao

Answer 53

High quality, med to med plus acidity, full bodied, lemon and peach, some floral Early drinking: - fermented in neutral vessels --> fruity Age worthy: - fermented and matured in oak, some lees ageing --> can age --> nutty notes --> good to VG, some oustanding, mid to premium

Question 54

White Wine Making in Dao

Answer 54

Grape variety: **Encruzado** sometimes blended with Bical, Malvasia Fina (Boal), Fernao Pires High quality, med to med plus acidity, full bodied, lemon and peach, some floral Early drinking: - fermented in **neutral** vessels --> fruity Age worthy: - fermented and matured in **oak**, some **lees** ageing --> can age --> **nutty** notes --> good to VG, some oustanding, mid to premium

Question 55

Wine Business in Dao

Answer 55

- very small vineyard holdings - investment by Sogrape --> higher prices, better quality - now quality focus (merchants and estates) fe Vinha Paz, Quinta de Pellada - **low export** at 15-20% to Canada, USA, Brazil

Question 56

Bairrada Growing Environment

Answer 56

Portugal, West of Dao, South of Vinho Verde Latitude 41N Climate: **Maritime** Influences: - **Atlantic** Rain: 800-1200mm in spring and autumn Soils: **fertile, alluvial** in the west (river estuaries), **limestone clay slopes** (especially Cantanhede --> good for Baga)

Question 57

Bairrada Vineyard Management

Answer 57

Training: - trad: high trained, staked bush vines - now: **Guyot** (replacement cane pruned) with VSP

Question 58

Baga in Bairrada

Answer 58

- Budding - Ripening: late - Where grown: warmest sites, S facing, limestone clay soils (not sandy soils) - Characteristics: productive --> yield control necc - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: trad high yields, now quality focus, now better vineyard technique, green harvesting, trad: ferm on stems, now: destemmed - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: cranberry, cherry, plum, complexity from bottle age - Acidity: high - Body: med - Tannin: high - Alcohol - VG to oustanding (whole range from acceptable)

Question 59

Red Winemaking in Bairrada

Answer 59

Mostly from **Baga** - trad: ferm with stems --> astringent tannins - now: destemmed, but some whole bunch --> structure vs fresh fruit Fermentation: SS, open concrete vats, lagares Maturation in large barrels (500-600l) of French oak, some Portuguese oak and Brazilian hartwood or foudres Some other varieties: Touriga Nacional, Alfrocheiro, Jaen adn Camarate and international (Cab Sauv and Merlot --> soften tannins) Baga Classico: min 50% Baga and min 85% Baga, Alfrocheiro, Touriga Nacional, Jaen and Camarate Also some Rose

Question 60

Camarate in Bairrada

Answer 60

local variety red full body, med tannin, red fruit flavour

Question 61

White Wine in Bairrada

Answer 61

Growth Grape Varieties: - **Maria Gomes** - **Bical** - **Arinto** - **Cercial** - some international (SB, Chardonnay) Inexpensive: sourced from **sandy** soils, fermented at **cool temp, SS**, early release Mid and premium: from **clay / limestone** soils, fermented and short maturation in **oak** --> good to VG fe Qunta das Bageiras, Filipa Pato & William Wouters

Question 62

Maria Gomes in Bairrada

Answer 62

- Budding - Ripening: early - Where grown - Characteristics: high yields, white variety - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: citrus, floral - Acidity: med plus (loose acidity quickly) - Body - Alcohol

Question 63

Bical in Bairrada

Answer 63

- Budding - Ripening: early - Where grown - Characteristics: white - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: peach, some tropical - Acidity: med plus (loose acidity quickly) - Body - Alcohol

Question 64

Arinto in Bairrada

Answer 64

- Budding - Ripening - Where grown - Characteristics: white, - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: blended to add acidity - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: apple and citrus - Acidity: high - Body - Alcohol

Question 65

Wine Business in Bairrada

Answer 65

- coops and merchants common - producer group **Baga Friends** --> promote high quality Bagas - vintage varietations - some producers use Vinho Regional label to use international varieties

Question 66

Bairrada VR

Answer 66

Bigger than Bairrada DOC Portugal, West of Dao, South of Vinho Verde Latitude 41N Climate: **Maritime** Influences: - **Atlantic** Rain: 800-1200mm in spring and autumn Soils: **fertile, alluvial** in the west (river estuaries), **limestone clay slopes** (especially Cantanhede --> good for Baga)

Question 67

The Growing Environment in Alentejo

Answer 67

South East Portugal Latitude 38N Climate: Mediterranean, hot dry summers Rain: 500m - 800mm in autumn and winter Topography: plains and gentle slopes (some mountains in teh north) Soils: varied (granite, schist, limestone, sand to clay) 9 Subregions - **Alto** (north): Pontalegre, less hot and dry, some altitude 800m --> cooler --> fresher fruit, higher acidity, more old field vineyards - south: warmer, dryer

Question 68

Vinho de Talha DOC

Answer 68

DOC in Alentejo for whites fermented on skins in amphora

Question 69

Grape Growing in Alentejo

Answer 69

- hot dry summers --> drip irrigation widely used - Training: mostly double cordon with VSP (less replacement cane as labour intensive, and low labour availability)

Question 70

Grape Varieties in Alentejo

Answer 70

Big variety, usually blended, mostly red Red Varieties - Aragonez (Tempranillo) - Alicante Bouschet - Trincadeira - some Touriga Nacional (for tannin and acidity) - some international (fe mostly Syrah, less Cabarnet Sauvignon, increasing Peitit Verdot) White Varieties - Roupeiro - Arinto - Antao Vaz - some international (Chardonnay and Viognier, Alvarinho)

Question 71

Aragonez in Alentejo

Answer 71

= Tempranillo - Budding - Ripening: early - Where grown: best on cooler sites - Characteristics: - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: needs to be harvested early or extra ripe - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: - Acidity - Body - Alcohol

Question 72

Alicante Bouschet in Alentejo

Answer 72

- Budding - Ripening - Where grown - Characteristics: red flesh - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: deep colour - Intensity: - Flavours: red and black berry - Acidity: high - Body - Tannins: high - Alcohol

Question 73

Trincadeira in Alentejo

Answer 73

- Budding - Ripening - Where grown - Characteristics: red, high yielding --> limiting needed - Risks: rot --> good in dry climates - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: blackberry and spice - Acidity: medium - Body - Tannin: medium - Alcohol

Question 74

Red Wine Style in Alentejo

Answer 74

Usually blended - fruity, easy drinking, inexpensive - super premium, concentrated fruit, spice (with oak maturation), ageworthy fe Cartuxa and Mouchao

Question 75

Roupeiro in Alentejo

Answer 75

retains acidity well, white, risk rot --> good in warm dry climates citurs and stone fruit in youth, loose primary quickly with age.

Question 76

Arinto in Alentejo

Answer 76

= Pederna white, usually blended, can retain acidity

Question 77

Antao Vaz in Alentejo

Answer 77

white drought tolerant --> good in dry climates Can lack acidity if from the warmest regions, sometimes blended with Roupeiro and Arinto range of styles - early picked and fresh - later picked fuller bodied, often oaked with tropical fruit - talha wines with skin contact

Question 78

White Wine Making in Alentejo

Answer 78

White Varieties - Roupeiro - Arinto - Antao Vaz - some international (Chardonnay and Viognier, Alvarinho) Fermented in SS for fruity, early consumption or Fermented in oak for texture and longevity --> good to VG, mostly inexperienced to mid

Question 79

Wine Business in Alentejo

Answer 79

- largest volume production in Portugal - 60% export (Brazil, Angola, USA, Switzerland) - larger landholdings than elsewhere in Portugal (reason: trad high volume, mechanised production, EU funding) - focus on **wine tourism** (close to Lisbon) --> design wineries, cellar doors

Question 80

The Growing Environment and Grape Growing in Lisboa

Answer 80

Latitude 39N Influences: - **Serra de Montejunto** (two distinct areas) --> shelter to the east: protection, better for full bodied wines --> west: **Atlantic** influence --> wet weather and strong winds --> challenging

Question 81

Grape Varieties in Lisboa

Answer 81

EU funding from quantity to quality --> still experimenting --> wide range of varieties For quality: - trad: Arinto - new: Touriga Nacional, Tempranillo Also: international varieties (Syrah, Cab Sauv, PN, SB, Riesling)

Question 82

Wine Regions in Lisboa

Answer 82

- **Alenquer DOC** (east): full bodied reds - **Bucelas DOC** (east) - **Colares DO**C - **Lisboa VR**: volume production

Question 83

Alenquer DOC

Answer 83

Lisboa Latitude 39N Influences: - **Serra de Montejunto** (two distinct areas) --> shelter to the east: protection, better for full bodied wines Grape varieties: **Touriga National** and **Tempranillo**, a wide range of others

Question 84

Bucelas DOC

Answer 84

Lisboa Latitude 39N Influences: - **Serra de Montejunto** (two distinct areas) --> shelter to the east: protection, better for full bodied wines Grape Varieties: **Arinto** (high acid), min 75% Fermentation in SS, bottled early Sometimes lees contact and / or oak --> good to VG, mid priced (some premium or SP)

Question 85

Colares DOC

Answer 85

Lisboa Latitude 39N Influences: - **Serra de Montejunto** (two distinct areas) --> west: **Atlantic** influence --> wet weather and strong winds --> challenging --> cool, foggy, coastal climate, ungrafted old bush vines soils: deep, phylloxera free, sandy --> fresh, high acidity red and whites from rarely seen local grapes

Question 86

Wine Business in Lisboa VR

Answer 86

Lisboa VR --> volume production Nine DOCs Lisboa VR more flexible and recognizable --> often used Improved quality Big producer: Casa Santos LIma (inexp, mid priced brands) 50% export fe Qunta de Chocapalha, Quinta do Monte d'Oiro

Question 87

Peninsula de Setubal

Answer 87

South of Lisbon Latitude 38N Climate: mediterranean with hot, dry summers Influences: - Mountains in the south: cooler, higher altitdue, clay limestone soils Topography and Soil: flat and sandy, clay and schist further inland DOC's - Palmela DOC - Setubal DOC - Peninsula de Setubal VR

Question 88

Palmela DOC

Answer 88

South of Lisbon Latitude 38N Climate: mediterranean with hot, dry summers Influences: - Mountains in the south: cooler, higher altitdue, clay limestone soils Topography and Soil: flat and sandy, clay and schist further inland Reds Mostly red wines (min 67% **Castelao**) --> deep colour, full bodied, red berry fruit, often oak matured, hint of spice, For ageworthy: best on warm, sandy vineyards on the plains For early drinking, lighter on limestone slopes Also international varieties: Cab Sauv, Syrah best in cooler, limestone and clay slopes Whites: Some whites from Fernao Pires, Moscatel and Arinto --> good, some VG, mid priced

Question 89

Setubal DOC

Answer 89

South of Lisbon Latitude 38N Climate: mediterranean with hot, dry summers Influences: - Mountains in the south: cooler, higher altitdue, clay limestone soils Topography and Soil: flat and sandy, clay and schist further inland **Sweet, fortified wines from Moscatel** only

Question 90

Periquita in Peninsula de Setubal

Answer 90

deep colour, full bodied, red berry fruit, often oak matured, hint of spice, For ageworthy: best on warm, sandy vineyards on the plains For early drinking, lighter on limestone slopes

Question 91

Peninsula de Setubal VR

Answer 91

South of Lisbon Latitude 38N Climate: mediterranean with hot, dry summers Influences: - Mountains in the south: cooler, higher altitdue, clay limestone soils Topography and Soil: flat and sandy, clay and schist further inland More flexibility re grapes variety

Question 92

Tejo

Answer 92

Inland from Lisboa region Latitude 39N Climate: Mediterranean with hot dry summers Influence: Tejo River --> fertile river banks Rain: 750mm moslty winter Soils: - clay limestone and schist north --> red wines - alluvial soils nr river --> vigour management necc --> white wines - poor sandy soil S --> red and whites Grape Varieties: Trincadeira, Castelao, Aragonez, Touriga Nacioanl, Syrah, Cab Sauv, Fernao Pires, Arinto, Alvarinho, SB, Chard Trad: volume production --> fertile river banks --> high yields --> fruity, early consumption, accept to good, inexpensive to mid Now: EU funding --> vine pull scheme, higher quality focus on less fertile soils in the N and S VR (more grape varieties, larger zone, higher yields) and DOC fe Qunta da Alrona, Fiuza & Bright.