Spain Flashcards

Question

Loureiro in Rias Baixas DO

Answer 1

- Budding - Ripening: early - Where grown - Characteristics: - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: aromatic citurs, pear, floral and herbal - Acidity: med plus - Body - Alcohol

Answer 2

- Budding - Ripening: mid - Where grown - Characteristics: white - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: apple and peach - Acidity: low - Body - Alcohol

Answer 3

- Budding - Ripening: late - Where grown - Characteristics: - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: citrus - Acidity: high - Body - Alcohol

Answer 4

- Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: peach, melon, lemon - Acidity: high - Body: med minus to med - Alcohol: med - good to VG (some oustanding) - mid to premium fe Pazo de Senorans and Palacio de Fefinanes (quality)

Answer 5

Trellising: **Pergola** (perral) with granite stone supports --> trained high Pro: good air circulation --> good in a wet climate against fungal now: often **VSP trellsing** --> mechanisation

Answer 6

- usually protective --> primary fruit - short maceration (few hours) --> textrue and flavours - cool fermentation in SS - often partial of full malo (soften acidity) - released early (inexp) or stored on lees one or two years (qual) --> for texture or body (only light creaminess) - rarely oak fermentation (some toasty notes)

Answer 7

- Galicia: smaller region than Rias Baixas DO - further from Atlantic --> warmer summers, less rainfall - usually local varieties, also Godello and Mencia - increased popularity - nearest to Rias Baixas --> **martime** climate (but more sheltered) with **high rainfall** --> mainly whites - **Treixadura** mostly, sometimes oak fermentation and maturation

Answer 8

- Galicia: smaller region than Rias Baixas DO - further from Atlantic --> warmer summers, less rainfall - usually local varieties, also Godello and Mencia - increased popularity futher inland, along the River Mino and River Sil --> deep valleys, altitudes and aspects, stonly slopes --> drainage, heat conduction, labour intensive cllimate: continental with maritime influences Variety: Mencia (red cherry, rapsberry, med body and tannins, med plus acidity, mid priced, fresh, early drinking)

Answer 9

- Budding - Ripening - Where grown - Characteristics: - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: red cherry, raspberry - Acidity: med plus - Body: med - Tannins: med - Alcohol

Answer 10

- Galicia: smaller region than Rias Baixas DO - further from Atlantic --> warmer summers, less rainfall - usually local varieties, also Godello and Mencia - increased popularity Further up the River Sil climate: continental Rain: plentiful (700-1000mm) Influences: - altitude 300m Soils: diverse Grape Variety: **Godello** (good to VG, citrus and stone fruit, sometimes herbal or wet stone, med plus acidity, oak fermentation and maturation (qual) --> texture and toast, spice), also some **Mencia**

Answer 11

- Budding - Ripening - Where grown - Characteristics: - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: oak ferm and maturation for qual - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: citrus, stone fruit, some herbal or wet stone, toast, spice (from oak) - Acidity: med plus - Body - Alcohol - good to VG

Answer 12

- Galicia: smaller region than Rias Baixas DO - further from Atlantic --> warmer summers, less rainfall - usually local varieties, also Godello and Mencia - increased popularity South of Rebeira Sacra, on the border of Portugal --> inland, sheltered by Sierra de Larouca Mountains --> **continental**, rel low rainfall --> usually inexpensive bulk --> now: some good quality Mencia (riper) and fruity Godello

Answer 13

Vast Area in North Spain --> high altitude plateau Mountains to North and South --> continental climate with soem maritime influences - Bierzo DO - Toro DO - Ribeira del Duero DO - Rueda DO - Castilla y Leon VT

Answer 14

- until recently: rusic wines for domestic consumption - 1990s Alvaro Palacios --> new interest - many growers with small plots --> mostly hand work (not machine) - coops are important - many **new wineries** since 2010 - new classificiation within DO Bierzo.

Answer 15

In Castilla y Leon (North Spain, high altitude plateau) - Closest to Galicia --> simiar climate, but more continental --> adequate rainfall Influences: - Atlantic --> maritime - mountains to north, south and east Flat plains and lower slopes: fertile, silty loam soils --> inexpensive, mid priced at high yields (med minus body and tannins, red fruit (raspberry and cherry), some carbonic best: hillside slopes 500-850m --> drainage, shallow, poor soil --> less vigour --> cooling --> diurnals --> retain acidity --> **bush vines**, old vines --> high production costs --> marked **vintage variations** (some years warm and dry, some years wet and cool)

Answer 16

- Mencia (75%) - min 70% of blend - Godello - Alicante Bouschet (red flesh, deep coloiur, red and black fruit)

Answer 17

- Budding - Ripening: early to mid - Where grown: flat flat --> mid, fruity, carbonic, good, no oak; hillsides at altitude: best - Characteristics: - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: min 70% of a blend, often 100%, for inexpensive and mid pricedd some carbonic maceration, sublte oak for quality - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: fruity (volume), ripe red cherry and plum (qual), some floral, herbal, subtle spice from oak - Acidity: med plus to high (lost quickly if picked too late - Body: light (volume) or med to med plus (qual) - Tannins: med to higher - Alcohol: high (if picked too late) - good (volume) or VG to outstanding (qual) - mid (volume) or premium to super premium (qual)

Answer 18

- min 70% Mercia (often 100%) - best sites: hillside slopes at 500-850m --> cooling - med to med plus body and tannins, higher alcohol, ripe red cherry and plum, some floral and herbal, often oak matured --> spice - often VG to outstanding, mid to premium (some super premium) fe Descendientes de J Palacios, Raul Perez

Answer 19

West of Castilla y Leon (inland) Climate: Continental Influences: - River Duero - Altitude 620 m - 750 m --> diurnal Risks: spring frost rainfall: low --> limited irrigation (before June) --> l**ow density**, low bunches, mostly **bush vines** Soils: sandy --> no phylloxera --> ungrafted, often **v old vines**

Answer 20

- **Tinta de Toro** (version of Tempranillo with thicker skins) --> colour and tannin, min 75% - Garnacha some rose some whites from **Malvasia** or **Vedejo**

Answer 21

Reds: deep colour, full b ody, high alcohol, high tannins, ripe blackberry and blueberry, med plus or high acidity - inexpensive and mid priced: carbonic --> fruity, less tannins, accept to good - quality: premium and super premium, VG to oustanding, oak matured (American or French), fe Teso La Monja and Numanthia Some rose from Tinta de Toro and Garnacha Some whites form Malvasia or Verdejo

Answer 22

- long history - away from major cities and ports - rise after success of Riberia del Duero --> growth since 2000 (from 8 to 60)

Answer 23

- first winery **Vega Sicilia** (still best producer) in 19th cent - DO since 1990s - massive growth sicne 1990s --> risk of drop in quality - close to Madrid --> popular with Spanish drinkers - 20% export (Switzerland, Mexico, USA, Germany and China)

Answer 24

Castilla y Leon (inland) --> similar to Toro and Rueda Climate: Continental Influences: - River Duero - Altitude 750 m - 1000m --> diurnal, range of altitude and aspects risk: frost --> heaters, sprinklers, helicopters rain: low 400-600m --> irrigation allowed (not during ripening) often: bush vines, often old vines now: newer vineyards trellised

Answer 25

- Tinto Fino (**Tempranillo**) 96% - also Albillo Mayor (whites) and Cab Sauv, Marlot, Malbec, Garnacha

Answer 26

- red: min 75% Tempranillo --> full bodied, high alc, ripe blackberry and plum, vanilla and choc (from oak), usually French oak, high percentage of new oak (50-100%) --> good to oustanding, mid to super premium, fe Vega Sicilia, Dominio de Pingus, Bodegas Aalto - rose - white: since 2019, from Albillo Mayor --> often ageing categories: Crianza, Reserva and Gran Reserva

Answer 27

Castilla y Leon (inland) --> similar to Toro and Ribeira del Duero Climate: Continental Influences: - River Duero - Altitude 700 m - 800 m --> diurnal, range of altitude and aspects soil: limestone, with sandy clay and stone topsoil --> free draining, low organic matter --> less vigour

Answer 28

Mostly white wines from **Verdejo** Also - Sauvignon Blanc (blended or single varietal)

Answer 29

- trad oxidative fortified wines - 1970s: Marques de Riscal --> Verdejo wines --> consumer demand - expomential growth for inexpensive, easy drinking whites - now more quality focus - 14% export: Netherlands, Germany, USA - often producers from outside the region (fe Rioja and Ribera del Duero)

Answer 30

- Budding - Ripening - Where grown - Characteristics: drought tolerant - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: apple, pear and peach, often herbal (fennel), slight bitterness - Acidity: med to med plus - Body - Alcohol: med

Answer 31

- usually VSP trellised, some old bush vines - harvest at night

Answer 32

Whites: - inexpensive: protective (SS, cool fermentation, short maturation, cultured yeast, accept to good - mid priced: some lees ageing (up to 1 year), often with stirring, good, the best are oak fermented and / or matured --> toasty, smoky --> good to VGfe Bodega Belondrade y Lurton Malo avoided --> retain accidity Also, some red or rose (from Trempranillo)

Answer 33

In Castilla y Leon - Northern Meseta --> protected from Atlantic Climate: continental Influences: - altitude ---> wide range of varieties only small percentage of production in the area mostly inexpensive to mid (some premium)

Answer 34

- **Rioja Alta** largest, continental with maritime influences), low altitude, relatively warm, alluvial soils, NW cooler and wetter, S altitude 700m --> cool and wet, north facing slopes - **Rioja Alavesa** : smallest, relatively cool and wet, up to 700m, calcerous clay - **Rioja Oriental**: around river Ebro, low altitude, warmest, driest, S 500-1000m altitutude, cooler temps, mixed soils

Answer 35

North Spain Latitude; 42N Influences: - **River Ebro** --> varied aspects, soils, more mediterranean - **Sierra de Cantabria** --> protection from Atlantic - **Sierra de la Demanda** --> protection from warm air rain: the further west, the rainier Three zones: Rioja Alta, Rioja Alavesa, Rioja Oriental best: high altitude, climate change --> drough risk in warm areas of Rioja Oriental Marked vintage variations --> cooler maritime influences vs warm maritime influences

Answer 36

- best cooler high altitude sites - trad> bush wines, some very old - since EU more trelissing with VSP --> mechanismation

Answer 37

91% red grape varieties - Tempranillo 88%, growth - Garnacha, less popular, now being replanted for qual in Oriental, best in warm sites - Graciano - Mazuelo - Maturana Tinta White varieties: - Viura - Tempranillo Blanco - Malvasia: for blending, often oak matured, mid to premium - Granache Blanca: for blending, often oak matured, mid to premium - Verdejo: single varietal or blended with Viura, inexpensive, unoaked - Sauvignon Blanc

Answer 38

- Budding - Ripening: early - Where grown: best in Alta and Alavesa (Oriental is too warm and beter suited to Garnacha), best cooler sites (altitude, clay soils) - Characteristics: reliable large yields, - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: raspberry, black plum - Acidity: med to high - Body - Tannins: med to high - Alcohol

Answer 39

- Budding - Ripening - Where grown: best in warmer sites (Oriental) - Characteristics: - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: ripe strawberry - Acidity - Body: fuller than tempranillo - Tannins: lower than tempranillo - Alcohol

Answer 40

- Budding - Ripening: late - Where grown - Characteristics: drought resistant, small yields - Risks: fungal - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: fresh black fruit, some leafy (unripe) - Acidity: high - Body - Tannins: high - Alcohol

Answer 41

Carinena, Carignan - Budding - Ripening - Where grown - Characteristics: - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: - Acidity: high - Body - Alcohol

Answer 42

Trousseau - Budding - Ripening - Where grown - Characteristics: - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: deep purple - Intensity: - Flavours: fresh cranberry and blackberry - Acidity: high - Body - Alcohol

Answer 43

Macabeo, Macabeu - Budding: late - Ripening: late - Where grown: best on warm dry sites - Characteristics: neutral - Risks: botrytis - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: high yields, SS--> simplementation, of low yields, oak maturation --> concentrated - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: - Acidity - Body - Alcohol

Answer 44

- Budding - Ripening - Where grown - Characteristics: - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: lemon, grapefruit, pineapple - Acidity: high - Body - Alcohol

Answer 45

- often blended (varieties, areas, extraction, maturation): Garnacha from Rioja Oriental with Tempranillo from Alta and Alavesa - some single varietal (Tempranillo or Garnacha) Two Extremes: - **maturation hierarchy** (Crianza, Reserva, Gran Reserva), maturation in 225l barriques --> long ageing in american oak --> dried fruit, mushroom, cured meats, vanilla and coconut - some producers don"t use hierarchy and use low yields, very ripe, concentrated wines (**vinos de autor**) --> winemaking now often between those two extremes now: - often earlier harest dates - more gentle extraction - use of older and / or large oak - shorter maturation - more French oak instead of American

Answer 46

some producers don"t use hierarchy and use low yields, very ripe, concentrated wines (vinos de autor), structured, aged in new French oak

Answer 47

- simple, unoaked - protective winemaking (cool fermentation temps, SS, bottled early) - early drinking - often Viura (neutral, med acidity), also Verdejo, Tempranillo Blanco, SB - acceptable to good

Answer 48

- oaked - traditionally: **oxidative** --> unpopular (exception: Castillo Ygay and Vina Tondonia Gran Reserva at super premium --> intense, complex tertiary nuts, honey, dried fruits, high acidity) - now: **oak maturation**, no malo (retain freshness), fresher, more balanced - grape variety: **Viura** (yield restricted) --> concentration and body, also **Malvasia** and **Garnacha Blanca** --> med plus body, med plus acidity, subtle citurs, smoky, nutty complexity from oak --> good to VG (some outstanding)

Answer 49

- small volumes - best quality rose of spain - Tempranillo or Garnacha

Answer 50

Trad PDO: no further geographical destinctions Since 2017: new labelling: - **Vino de Zona** (fe Alta, Alavesa or Oriental, mostly 100% with exceptions) - **Vino de Municipio** (fe village or group of villages, mostly 100% with exceptions) - **Vinedo Singular** (Single Vineyard, necc min 35 old vineyard, max yields, hand harvest, sustainable) --> tasting panel Additionally: ageing categories

Answer 51

- small vineyard plots --> 40 % of growers sell to co-ops - wineries of all sizes (very large, often merchants) - slow growth from export - export 37% (UK, Germany, USA) - Crianza most popular in Spain - Reserva and Gran Reserva most popular export, also growth of whites and roses - lower average value than France and Italy --> good value, small investment market - promoted by Consejo Regulador --> tastings, for trade and consumer (value for money)

Answer 52

- North East of Rioja - large area --> many climatic influences Influences: - Atlantic - Mediterranean - Pyrenees Subzones: - Baja Montana, Valdizarbe and Tierra Estella: hilly, north, run east to west --> coller and wetter, Atlantic influences - Ribera Alta and Ribera Baja: warmer, drier, flatter Small vineyard holdings -- > coops

Answer 53

- Garnacha: trad deep coloured rose, highest qual potential (esp if from old bush vines) - Tempranillo: promoted in 1970s - International Varieties: promoted in 1980s (Cab Sauv, Merlot, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc) - Moscatel de Grano Menudo (Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains) - Viura - Malvasia

Answer 54

- single varietal **Tempranillo** - Cab Sauv, Merlot, Tempranillo and Garnacha **blends** --> fruity, early drinking --> fuller body, more concentrated, oak matured with ageing categories, French (for Cab Sauv and Merlot) and American oak (for Tempranillo) White: **Chardonnay**: citrus and peach, med alc, med to med plus acidity, unoaked or oaked **Garnacha**: --> lighter body, red berry, med plus acidity (from cooler Baja Montana, Valdizarbe and Tierra Estella) --> fuller body, mor tannic from Ribera Baja --> med to dep coloured Rose, sometimes blended, short maceration necc (3-4 hours for pale, 6-12 hrs for deep), usually SS, some barrel fermentation and maturation Overall: good to VG (some oustanding), inexpensive to mid fe Domaines Lupier, Bodegas J Chivite

Answer 55

- Carinena: west - Campo de Borja: west - Calatayud: west - Somontano: NE --> near Catalunya, different cllimate

Answer 56

in Aragon (far inland) Climate: warm continental Rain: 450 - 500mm Influences: - **high altitude plateaus** 400 - 800m--> slopes --> moderation, diurnal range, acidity - Cierzo: **cold wind** --> moderates --> slower ripening Mostly red wines --> old Garnacha vines Low rainfall, rocky, free draining soil --> **low density bush vines** --> low disease pressure, some spring frost Small vineyard holdings --> coops main producers Styles: - high volume, early drinking, inexpensive --> moderate temps, SS, early bottling, med to full body, high alc, med tannin, ripe red and black fruit - quality: old vine Garnacha, VG, limited time in oak with large barrels (500l plus) or old oak --> concentrated raspberry and plum fruit, subtle spice from oak, med plus acidity, med to med plus tannins, high alcohol, mid to premium

Answer 57

in Aragon (far inland) Climate: warm continental Rain: 450 - 500mm Influences: - **high altitude plateaus** 350 - 700 m --> slopes --> moderation, diurnal range, acidity - Cierzo: **cold wind** --> moderates --> slower ripening Mostly red wines --> old Garnacha vines Low rainfall, rocky, free draining soil --> **low density bush vines** --> low disease pressure, some spring frost Small vineyard holdings --> coops main producers Styles: - high volume, early drinking, inexpensive --> moderate temps, SS, early bottling, med to full body, high alc, med tannin, ripe red and black fruit - quality: old vine Garnacha, VG, limited time in oak with large barrels (500l plus) or old oak --> concentrated raspberry and plum fruit, subtle spice from oak, med plus acidity, med to med plus tannins, high alcohol, mid to premium

Answer 58

in Aragon (far inland) Climate: warm continental Rain: 450 - 500mm Influences: - **high altitude plateaus** 500 - 900 m --> slopes --> moderation, diurnal range, acidity - Cierzo: **cold wind** --> moderates --> slower ripening Mostly red wines --> old Garnacha vines Low rainfall, rocky, free draining soil --> **low density bush vines** --> low disease pressure, some spring frost Small vineyard holdings --> coops main producers Styles: - high **volume**, early drinking, inexpensive --> moderate temps, SS, early bottling, med to full body, high alc, med tannin, ripe red and black fruit - **quality**: old vine Garnacha, VG, limited time in oak with large barrels (500l plus) or old oak --> concentrated raspberry and plum fruit, subtle spice from oak, med plus acidity, med to med plus tannins, high alcohol, mid to premium

Answer 59

North East of Aragon Climate: warm continental Influences: - foothills of the Pyrenees --> cooling air --> moderate - Altitude 350-650 m --> lower temps, diurnal range rain: higher than in other Aragon regions Investment --> growth Grape Varieties / Styles: - Cab Sauv - Chardonnay - Gewuerztraminer --> usually mid priced, good to VG (problem: competition from other regions)

Answer 60

Influences: - Mediterranean coast - Altitude inland Grape varieties: many international varieties Important Areas: - Catalunya DO - Penedes DO - Priorat DOQ - Montsant DO - Costers del Segre DO

Answer 61

Grapes grown anywhere in Catalunya --> inexpensive and mid priced --> pro: better international recognition (than fe Penedes DO)

Answer 62

Climate: **warm Mediterranean** Influences - Mediterranean coast - Mountains inland Rain: 500mm, driest in summer --> limited irrigation permitted Soils: loam with calcereous components Some **Trellising** --> Mechanisation, many **bush vines** Climatic zones: - **Penedes Maritim** (sea, coastal, low altitude, warm --> full bodied reds fe Monastrell; inexpensive whites, fe Xarello, Macabeo, Parellada) - **Penedes Central** (flat plains between coastal range and mountains, up to 500m altitude --> cooling, Xarello, Macabeo, Parellada, Merlot, Cab Sauv, Tempranillo, Chard) - **Penedes Superior** (inland mountains, altitudes 500-800m --> cooling, diurnal, risk: spring frost --> whites fe Chard, SB, Riesling, Gewuerz, some PN) --> many styles (80% white)

Answer 63

80% White - Xarello - Macabeo - Parellada - Chardonnay - Moscatel (Muscat o fAlexandria and Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains) - Sauv Blanc - Gewuerztraminer - Riesling - Merlot - Cabernet Sauv - Tempranillo - PN - Syrah

Answer 64

- modernisation in 1960s / 70s (temp control, SS) --> clean, fruity aromatic whites wines --> clean fruity early drinking reds --> some qual reds: oak maturation --> some qual Chard: oak maturation, usually French Overall: good to VG, inexpensive to mid (some premium)

Answer 65

- recently zoning of vineyard area --> labelling - 25% export (Canada, Sweden, USA) - Barcelona nearby hub --> tourist trade

Answer 66

- long history - Carthusian monks 12th century - recently: international recognition (reason: lack of easy access, challenging topography, extreme weather) --> difficult conditions - 1980s: Rene Barbier --> collaboraticely revival of wineries with French techniques (fe French oak maturation) --> critical acclaim - since then: massive growth, DOQ since 2009

Answer 67

Part of Catalunya Climate: warm continental Influences: - **Serra de Monsant** (north): protected from cold winds - **Serra de Llaberia** (south): protection from Mediterranean - **River Siurana** --> wide range of **altitudes** (100-750m) and aspects --> **slopes**, some narrow **terraces** (against errosion, less surface run off) --> hand work Hot summers, high diurnal, cold winters --> spring frost Rain: 500-600 m (mainly winter and spring) --> limited irrigaiton allowed Soils: varied, - mosty poor and **stony** slate (licorella) with mica split vertically --> reflection, deep roots --> water uptake, very low yields - some **clay**

Answer 68

Often terraced Trellising: - poor soils, low water availability --> low planting density with bush vines - newer vineyards: often VSP trellised Yields: - max 39 hl/ha (often much lower at 5-6 hl/ha) --> production cost and price

Answer 69

- Garnacha (suited to warm conditions) - Carinena (on warmest sites) - also: Cab Sauv, Syrah and Merlot For whites (only 7%) - Garnacha Blanca - Macabeo

Answer 70

- trad: old basket presses, large oak fermentation vats - modern: SS, optical sorting --> mostly cultured yeast (reason: high potential alc) --> usually oak matured (often French 1-2 years) --> usually high alcohol with fresh fruit and acidity (ripe but not jammy fruit, concentrated), medium plus acidity, VG to outstanding

Answer 71

**Consejo Regulador** sets grape growing and winemaking parameters Classificaitons: - **Vi de Vila** (from 12 subzones - name must be on label) - **Vi de Paratge** (from single named site, like lieu dit, 459 sites) - **Vinya Classificada** (sinegle vineyard of merit, like a cru) - **Gran Vinya Classificada** (single vineyard, like grand cru) --> different regulation of proportion of grape variety, vine age and max yield --> old vines min 75 years old

Answer 72

Part of Catalunya - ring around Priorat DOQ - **flatter**, lower valley of the **River Ebro** --> more **mediterranean** influences (close to coast) --> less extreme temperatures --> warm and dry summers --> rain during winter and spring some **altitude** (300-700m) in the north Soils: range - **clay** based - **sandy** - **llicorella** in the south --> more **fertile** than Priorat --> higher yields Topography: less extreme than Priorat - some **terraced** --> against erosian and retain water - some **trellised** --> mechanismation - some **bush** vines

Answer 73

- Black grape varieties dominate (94%) - similar to Priorat - Garnacha - Carinena - Tempranillo - also Syrah, Merlot, Cab Sauv --> single varietal or blended some whites from Garnacha Blanca and Macabeo

Answer 74

- mostly red wine production - single varietal or blended - French or American oak maturation for 1-2 years --> ripe, fruity, full bodied, high alcohol, med plus acidity (cool sites) --> good to VG --> mid, some premium (even super premium) fe Espectacle and Celler de Capcanes some whites from Garnacha Blanca and Macabeo

Answer 75

- 700 growers, 50 wineries - coops important - DO status since 2001 --> more producers (some from Priorat), similear condition, cheaper land - 40% export (Germany, USA, France, Switzerland, UK)

Answer 76

Catalunya (furthest north) with 7 subzones Semi arid --> saline soils improved, irrigation channels installed - first commercial production in 1970s by Raventos **Raimat** - DO since 1980s Climate: **continental** Rain: **400 mm** Altitude: 200-700 m --> cooler areas for Cava Soils: **sandy and free draining** --> **irrigation** needed Grape varieties: local and international: Macabeo, Parellada, Xarello (for Cava), Chardonnay, Garnacha Blanca, SB, Garnacha, TEmpranillo, Cab Sauv, Merlot for red and rose Winemaking: single varietal or blended --> fresh, fruity, early drinking --> some reds and Chardonnay French or American oak maturation --> usually mid priced, some premium

Answer 77

East and South East of Spain Climate: **Mediterranean** or **Continental** --> hot summers, low rainfall --> **Bush vine** planting at **low density** (some VSP trellising) --> **volume**, inexpensive, bulk (but **growth in VG** quality at premium prices) Areas: - Valencia DO - Utiel Requena DO - Alicante DO - Jumilla DO - Yecla DA

Answer 78

Largest DO in Valencia and Murcia with smaller subzones Climate: warm mediterranean Influences: - Altitude --> cooling - Coast --> cooling Rain: low at 450 mm --> irrigation used Subzones: - **Alto Turia**: foothills of Sistema Iberico Mountains, valley of River Turia, alititude 700-1100 m --> coolest, mostly whites, esp Moscatel de Alejandria and Merseguera (high vigour --> low concentration, but dry farmed at altitude for qual and some oak) - **Valentino**: 200-650 m altitude --> warmer, cooled by sea breezes --> diversity of local and international (Garnacha Tintorea, which is Alicante Bouschet, Tempranillo, Cab Sauv, Monastrell for red and rose, Merseguera and Macabeo for whites) - **Clariano**: similar varieties as Valentino - **Moscatel**: inland --> sweet wines from Moscatel de Valencia Usually coops --> fruity, early drinking, acc to good, inexpensive Individual growers --> good to VG, mid priced, some unusual varieties with USP

Answer 79

- vigerous --> yield control necc - high vigour --> low intensity, often blended - if dry farmed at altitude --> more concentration and texture, with oak maturation

Answer 80

In Valencia and Murcia, inland from Valencia DO Climate: continental (hot summers) Influences: - Altitude 750 m --> cooler nights, spring frost Rain: low at 450 mm 87% black varieties - Bobal (70%), often old vines --> two styles: easy drinking vs concentrated, black fruit, choc, oak maturation, high acidity

Answer 81

- Budding: mid to late - Ripening - Where grown - Characteristics: drought tolerant, can retain acidity, vigerous, high yielding - Risks: ripens unevenly --> grippy tannins - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: rose or red, range of styles (light body, med tannin, **semi carbonic** vs concentrated, med plus tannins, med plus to full body, high acidity and blackberry, black cherry, chocolate, oak matured) - Colour: deep --> good for blending - Intensity: - Flavours: fruity (blackberry, black cherry, often choc, oak - Acidity: high - Body: relatively light (volume) to med plus to full (qual) - Alcohol - Tannin: med (volume) to med plus (qual) - acceptable to VG - Inexpensive to mid

Answer 82

In Valencia and Murcia, most southerly Climate: hot mediterranean Rain: very dry at 250 mm Grape Varieties / Styles: - **Monastrell**: coast to 500 m altitude --> must be 80% for Monastrell (also Alicante Bouschet, Garnacha, Bobal) --> usually full bodied, dry, high alcohol, high tannins, ripe black fruit, usually maturation in American oak, good to VG, mid priced, some premium - **Moscatel de Aljandria** (north east, humid breezes, most rain at 500mm) --> sweet wines - **Fondillon**: historic style, med sweet red wine, max 40 RS from late harvest Monastrell, min 16% alc, not fortified, min 10 year oak maturation in large old oak 1200l single vintage or solear, oxidised --> dried fruit and nuts Grape Growing: usually **low density** **bush vines**

Answer 83

- Budding - Ripening: late - Where grown - Characteristics: good in hot dry climates, drought tolerant, retains acidity - Risks: - Vineyard Management and Winemaking: usually American oak, often blended - Colour: - Intensity: - Flavours: ripe black fruit - Acidity: high - Body: full - Tannins; high - Alcohol: high - Good to VG - mid priced, some premium

Answer 84

In Valencia and Murcia, most southerly Climate: hot mediterranean Rain: very dry at 250 mm Historic style in Alicante DO, med sweet red wine, max 40 RS from late harvest Monastrell, min 16% alc, not fortified, min 10 year oak maturation in large old oak 1200l single vintage or solear, oxidised --> dried fruit and nuts

Answer 85

In Valencia and Murcia Climate: **warm continental** **Altitude** 400-800m --> cooling, diurnal range **Rain: very low** at 250-300mm Soil: **sand over limestone** --> retains ground water --> no irrigation necc Topography: **flat plain**s and **wide valleys** Grape Varieties: - **Monastrell** 70% --> trad: inexpensive, bulk wine --> 1980s phylloxera --> replanting --> higher quality clones --> improvement in quality, still some old vines --> low yield --> qual --> full body, high alc, ripe blackberry and cherry, spice from oak maturation, med plus acidity - other grapes: Cencibel (**Tempranillo**), **Alicante Bouschet**, **Garnacha, Cab Sauv, Merlot, Syrah, Petit Verdot** (often blended) Also some rose, very small proportion of whites coops important, still mostly volume some producers focus on VG at premium prices, fe Bodegas El Nido, Casa Castillo --> for export

Answer 86

Between Jumilla and Alicante Climate: **warm continental** (similar to Jumilla) Influences: - Mediterranean --> cooling (more than Jumilla) - Altitude 500-900m Rain: low at 300mm Soil: sand and limestone --> retain water (like Jumilla) Grape Varieties: Monastrell (like Jumilla) --> similar style as Jumilla --> full body, high alc, ripe blackberry and cherry, spice from oak maturation, med plus acidity --> good to VG, inexpensive to mid (some premium) Coop La Purisma --> bulk and bottled wine (60% of output) 95% Export

Answer 87

Landlocked, on the meseta --> extreme **continental** climate Areas: - La Mancha DO - Valdepenas DO - Vino de Pago - Castilla VT

Answer 88

In Castilla La Mancha, largest DO in Spain, within Castilla VT Landlocked, on the meseta --> extreme **continental** climate - relatively flat - altitude 500-700m Soil: limestone and chalk --> water retention Extremely hot summers --> low density planting bush trained --> drip **irrigation** common (40%) --> slightly higher densities, trellised Grape Varieties: - **Airen**: neutral, white, SS ferment, low intensity, med acidity, early consumption (often for Jerez production) - **Cencibel** (Tempranillo): usually fruity, short oak maturation, some Crianza, Reserva and Gran Reserva Wine Business: - Many growers, few wineries --> coops important fe Virgen de la Vinas (largest in Spain - bulk and bottled (bottled for Chinese) - 38% export (Germany, China and Japan)

Answer 89

In Castilla La Mancha, within Castilla VT Landlocked, on the meseta --> extreme **continental** climate Hot dry summers Grape Varieties - **Cencibel** (Tempranillo) --> ripe, red fruit, soft tannins, med acidity, spice from oak, good and inexpensive to mid

Answer 90

In Castilla La Mancha Landlocked, on the meseta --> extreme **continental** climate 9 of 18 VPs are here, fe Dominio de Valdepusa Grape Varieties: Cab Sauv, Syrah, Petit Verdot

Answer 91

In Castilla La Mancha Landlocked, on the meseta --> extreme **continental** climate Huge area - relatively flat - altitude 500-700m Soil: limestone and chalk --> water retention Extremely hot summers --> low density planting bush trained --> drip **irrigation** common (40%) --> slightly higher densities, trellised Local and international grape varietties --> inexpensive to mid priced

Answer 92

North coast of Spain, main DO: **Txakoki DO** Climate: **moderate maritime** Influences: - Atlantic Rain: v high 1600mm --> venitlated canopy necc (or fungal) Grape Variety: **Hondarrabi Zuri** --> cool ferm, SS, early release --> high acidity, med minus body, low alcohol, fresh apple, pear and lemon (sometimes with a light spritz), for quality: some lees contact, or oak maturation (usually old) and bottle age. also some rosado, red, sweet and sparkling

Answer 93

- mountain range nr Madrid - labelled Vinos de Madrid DO, Mentrida DO, Cebreros DO or Castilly y Leion VT --> trad: inexp, high volume --> now: quality focus: **continental**, **altitude 600-1200 m** --> cooling, diurnal range, fresh fruit Grape variety: **old vine Garnacha** --> lighter in tannin than Arragon, med plus acidity, fresh strawberry and cherry, high alcohol, often low intervention (ambient yeast, low SO2), good to VG, mid to premium Some whites from **Albillo Real** --> full body, citrus, floral, med to med plus acidity, some oak fermentation, some skin contact

Answer 94

Two DO's and some VTs --> some quality Grape Varieties: - **Manto Negro** (light coloured, high alcohol, red fruit) and - **Callet** (med to medium plus acidity, med alcohol, red fruit flavours), - some Monastrell - Tempranillo, - Malvasia and - International (Cab Sauv, Merlot, Syrah, Chardonnay)

Answer 95

Some quality Latitude 28N --> tropical influence (hot and humid) Influences: - mountains - altitude up to 1500m --> diurnal, cooling Topography: rugged --> hand harvest --> range of altitude and aspect --> range of varieties No phylloxera --> ungrafted Grape Varieties: - Listan Negro - Malvasia - **Listan Blanco** (Palomino) - light to medium body, med tannins, raspberry and plum, often carbonic maceration --> fruity, easy drinking wines, some oak age --> blended or field blends Tenerife: Orotava DO: twisted to form long ropes trained on low wires Lanzarote: relatively flat, volcanic ash --> vines in craters dug into the ash and surrounded by stone walls --> wind protection --> very low density, low yields, Malvasia, dry and sweet

Answer 96

✅ Advantages 1. **Ideal Climate** (Hot, Dry, Sunny) Plenty of **sunshine** ensures full grape ripening **Low rainfall** reduces disease risk (e.g., rot, mildew) Reliable vintages in many regions 👉 Especially helpful for grapes like Tempranillo and Garnacha 2. **Old Vines** = High Quality Old vines produce **lower yields** but more **concentrated** flavours 3. **Diverse Terroir** Huge variation in: **Altitude** (e.g., high plateaus in Ribera del Duero) **Soil** types (limestone, slate, clay) Allows a wide range of wine styles 4. **Indigenous Grape Varieties** Unique grapes like: Tempranillo, Garnacha, Albariño Gives Spain a distinct identity in global markets 5. Large Production & **Value for Money** Spain has the **largest vineyard area in the world** Many wines are good quality at relatively low prices ❌ Disadvantages 1. Excessive **Heat** & **Drought** Some regions (e.g., La Mancha) are extremely hot Can lead to: Overripe, jammy wines High alcohol Water stress on vines 2. **Low Yields** Dry conditions mean vines produce less fruit Can reduce overall production efficiency 3. **Irrigation Restrictions** Traditionally limited irrigation (though changing) Makes drought years more difficult 4. Market **Perception** Spain is sometimes seen as: “cheap wine” producer This can make it harder to sell premium wines internationally 5. **Fragmented Industry** Many small producers and cooperatives Can lead to: Inconsistent quality Less global branding power compared to France or Italy

Answer 97

Climate: **Warm to hot Mediterranean**, often **semi-arid** inland **Rainfall: Low** → **drought** stress common Soils: Limestone, sandy, alluvial → **good drainage** Viticulture: Low yields (especially **old bush vines**), low density **Dry farming** common Key driver of style: → High ripeness + water stress = **concentrated, high-alcohol wines** --> cooling influence from altitude, large dirunal range 🍷 2. **Red Wine Styles** (Dominant Category) Key Grapes: **Monastrell** (Mourvèdre) – flagship Garnacha (Grenache), Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon (international blends) Deep, Alcohol: Medium(+) to high Tannin: Medium(+) to high (can be rustic if poorly handled), Acidity: Medium to medium(−), Body: Full Flavour Characteristics, Ripe black fruit (blackberry, black plum), Dried herbs (garrigue), liquorice, Spice, earth, sometimes chocolate In hotter zones → jammy or baked fruit Quality Spectrum **Inexpensive**: Simple, high-alcohol, low acidity, short finish, bulk **Mid-range**: Better balance, some oak, more structure **Premium** (key exam point): Old-vine Monastrell (e.g. Jumilla, Yecla) Concentrated, complex, age-worthy 👉 In top examples: Balance achieved through **altitude** and **careful extraction/oak** use 4. 3. Rosé (Rosado) Style Increasingly important commercially Typically made from Monastrell or Garnacha Profile Dry Medium to high acidity (relative freshness vs reds) Medium body Flavours of: Strawberry, raspberry Sometimes watermelon, citrus Quality Usually good–very good Designed for early drinking 5. 4. **White Wine Styles** Key Grapes **Merseguera** (Valencia), Macabeo (Viura), **Moscatel** (for aromatic styles) International varieties (Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc) Style Profile Body: Light to medium Acidity: Medium(−) to medium Alcohol: Medium to high Flavours Citrus, apple, Sometimes stone fruit, In hotter areas → neutral or broad Generally acceptable → good Best examples from: Higher altitude sites Modern winemaking (temperature control, lees ageing)

Spain Flashcards

(123 cards)