What were the rights and responsibilities of the Paterfamilias?
Rights:
- The power of life and death
- Judgment on Family matters
- Judgment on Financial matters
- Releasing from his power
Responsibilities:
- Responsibility to support family members
- Responsibility to conduct religious rituals for the family
What are 5 notable wedding practices?
- Bride wore special white outfit with orange head covering and shoes
- Bride and Groom would consent to the marriage at the BRIDE’s house
- Bride and Groom and guests feast
- Processions from bride’s house to groom’s house (with wedding songs)
- Bride is brought into new home by husband
What were the rights and responsibilities which both male and female citizens had in common
during the time of the principate?
Rights:
- Intermarriage with citizen partner to produce citizen children
- Willing and inheriting property
- Receiving the Grain Dole
- Equality under the law
Responsibilities:
- Paying taxes
What factors allowed for Rome’s expansion during the Republic?
- Prime geographic placement
- Military
- Integration
- Republican system
- Imperialistic policy of expansion
What were the 5 stages of an amphitheatre game day under Augustus?
- Cena Libera
- Pompo
- Venationes
- Meridiani
- Munera
What were the 5 points of progress for women?
- Marital independence
- Education
- Unofficial political voice
- Mobility and Integration
- Sexual liberation
What were the 5 stages of a bathhouse visit?
- Undress in the Apodyterium
- Exercise (usually a ball game)
- Sweat in various Saunas
- Scrape off dirt and sweat
- Bathe in various pools
What were the Colosseum’s seating arrangements?
- Imperial Household, Senators, Foreign Ambassadors and Priests/Priestesses
- Equestrians
- Freeborn Citizen Males
- Non-citizen Males
- Women
What were the 5 notable aspects/duties of Roman religion?
- Assigning priests/priestesses
- Maintaining and building temples
- Conducting Rituals
- Celebrating Festivals
- Suppressing Dangerous or Intolerant religions
What were the 5 types of rituals?
- Sacrifice/Votive offering
- Vow
- Prayer
- Divination
- Apotropaic Rite
What were the 6 areas of Roman progress?
- Geography and Cartography
- Medicine
- Agricultural Science
- Civil Engineering
- Military Engineering
- Mechanical Engineering
Truths in the myth of the Roman Foundation
- The Romans were not natives of Italy, but came originally from the east (Said their ancestor Aneius came from Troy)
- First settlement of Rome was on the Palatine Hill
- Romans had a policy of integration and a mixed ancestry (Romans claimed to be descended from mixed ancestry) (In the myth, Romulus invited unwanted men from all sorts of places to live in Rome)
- Early Romans were ruled by a monarch (in myth Romulus was the first king)
- Early Romans lived in simple huts to start off
Accomplishments of Augustus
-Pax Augusta
- Founding the principate
- Defining the boundaries (limites) of the empire
- Cursus publicus
- Rebuilding Rome (“found Rome a city of Bricks, formed it into a city of Marble”)
- Passed Legislation to encourage fertility and discourage adultery
- Acted as a patron to poets (such as Virgil) and historians (such as Livy)
Characteristics of the High Principate or Empire
- Peace/Security
- Prosperity/Wealth
- Health (high point of knowledge of ancient medicine)
- Learning (free libraries, learning was encouraged) (women and slaves could be educated)
- Justice (emperors who cared about laws and proper judicial procedures)
Reasons for the Fall of the Roman Empire
- Political/Military reasons (for the western half) (internal conflict, weakening of roman military, invasion by Germanic tribes)
- Economic (because of increased military expenditure, and other reasons)
- Natural (earthquakes, famine, pandemics, etc.)
- Moral (moral decay with slavery and harsh hierarchy meant that it could never last)
- Religious (By the end, most Romans were Christian) (why? In the Christian faith, more emphasis was put in the afterlife, and far less in the actual world they were living in)
Ways of gaining Roman Citizenship
- By birth from two citizen parents (both had to be)
- Being adopted by two citizen parents
- By retiring from being an auxiliary soldier
- By being a non-gladiator slave freed by a citizen
- Granted by legal Enfranchisement
Means of Class advancement
- Acquisition of Money (perhaps through business)
- Acquisition of prestige (maybe rewarded by emperor)
- Marrying into a family of higher social class
- Being adopted into a family of higher social class
- Patronage
Traditional Roman Education
- Informal
- In the Home
- Responsibility of the Parents
- Practical (ex. child might learn how to swim)(if your dad was a farmer, he’d teach u how to farm)
- Moralistic
Traditional Roman Values
- Piety (pietas: a sense of duty)
- Virtue (manly excellence)(manliness)
- Faith (honesty)
- Gravity (Self-control and seriousness)(take things seriously)
- Constancy (perseverance)
- Austerity and Frugality (moderation)
Later Roman Education
- Formal
- Outside the Home
- A responsibility of professional teachers
- Practical AND Theoretical
- Moralistic
Ways of Becoming a slave
→ By birth (if one parent at least was a slave)
→ Being sold by your paterfamilias
→ By being exposed as a child and adopted as a slave by a stranger who picked you up
→ By being punished for a capital crime
→ Because of debt (indentured servitude) (outlawed in 2nd c. BC)
→ By capture in war or rebellion
→ By voluntarily becoming a slave to become a gladiator (because gladiators got fame and fortune if they were good)
→ By being illegally kidnapped and sold off (ex. Caesar was kidnapped by pirates and ransomed back to his family when he was young)
How to become a Freedperson
→ Formal manumission by the owner
In front of a magistrate official
Through the census (every 5 years)(where they can be registered as a freeperson)
Through a will (slaves might be freed when the owner dies)(if the owner wrote that in his will)
→ Abandonment by the owner when sick
→ Buying freedom (peculium)
**Requirements for Senators and Decurions
- Free birth (and never enslaved)
- Male
- Citizenship
- Adulthood
- Money
- Good standing (no trouble with the law or public perception)
- Official acceptance into the Senate or Town Council (if decurion)
(through election or adlection)(adlection occurs when you are picked by emperors and placed in the position)
Roman Military Phases
→ Heroic style fighting 1000-600 BC
Men aren’t fighting collectively together
They are performing individual heroic actions
Ex. Horatius defending the bridge
→ Phalanx style fighting (600-500 BC)
Citizen militia established
Military Training introduced
→ Centuriate Phalanx (500 BC-400 BC)
Instead of one uniform group, split it up into ranks dividing of age and wealth
Ex. Haastati, Principes, Velites, etc.
Units divided into Centuries (100 men with centurion at the head) based on wealth or age
→ Manipular Legions (400-100 BC)
Divided into Maniples (2 centuries)
Split up the phalanx into smaller units
→ Professional Cohort Army (100 BC +)
Professional class of soldiers
Volunteers join as their profession (20 year terms usually)
Still sometimes conscription was needed, but generally not
Basic unit is now the Cohort
