Postural Control Flashcards by Sophia Magbag

Infancy age range

Birth to 1 year

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Neonatal age range

Birth to 2 weeks

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Infant age range

3 weeks to 12 months

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Toddlerhood age range

13 months to 2 years (and 11 months)

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Adolescence age range

11 to 18 years

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Young adulthood age range

18 to 22/25 years

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Adulthood age range

22 to 40 years

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Middle Age age range

40 to 65 years

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Late Adulthood age range

65+ years

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Advanced Maternal Age (AMA)

mother older than 35 years

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Infancy (Erikson)

0-1 year
Basic trust vs. mistrust
Hope
Appreciation of interdependence and relatedness

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Early Childhood (Erikson)

1-3 years
Autonomy vs. Shame
Will
Acceptance of the cycle of life, from integration to disintegration

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Play Age (Erikson)

3-6 years
Initiative vs. guilt
Purpose
Humor; empathy; resilience

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School Age (Erikson)

6-12 years
Industry vs. Inferiority
Competence
Humility; acceptance of the course of one’s life and unfulfilled hopes

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Adolescence (Erikson)

12-19 years
Identity vs. Confusion
Fidelity
Sense of complexity of life; merging sensory, logical and aesthetic perception

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Early Adulthood (Erikson)

20-25 years
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Love
Sense of the complexity of relationships; value of tenderness and loving freely

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Adulthood (Erikson)

26-64 years
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Care
Caritas, caring for others, and agape, empathy and concern

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Old Age (Mature) (Erikson)

65 to death
Integrity vs. Despair
Wisdom
Existential identity; a sense of integrity strong enough to withstand physical disintegration

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Postural Control

Controlling the body’s position in space for the dual purposes of stability and orientation

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Postural Orientation

The ability to maintain an appropriate relationship between the body segments and between the body and the environment for a task

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Postural Stability

(balance) The ability to control the center of mass in relationship to the base of support

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Center of Mass

point that is the center of the total body mass
Anterior to S2 in upright position
Key variable controlled by the postural system
Determined by finding weighted average of COM of each body segment

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Center of Gravity

vertical projection of the COM
dependent on the weight and distribution of weight within the body

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Center of Pressure

center of the distribution of the total force applied to the supporting surface (sum of all forces)
ex: if injured, more weight on non-injured side

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Base of Support

the area of the body that is in contact with the support surface

Quiet Stance

small amount of postural sway as body moves within its BOS

Ideal Body Alignment

minimize effect of gravitational forces and maintain equilibrium with the least expenditure of internal energy

Vertical Line of Gravity

-mastoid process -anterior to shoulder joints -hip joints (or just posterior) -anterior to knee joints -anterior to ankle joints

Muscle Tone

force to which a muscle resists being lengthened (stiffness) Certain level is normal

Postural Tone

When standing upright, activity increases the antigravity postural muscles to counteract the force of gravity

Limits of Stability

ability to maintain the projected COM within limits of BOS; boundaries the body can maintain stability without changing BOS

Stability Limits

not fixed boundaries change according to task, characteristics in individual (strength, ROM), characteristics of COM, and environment BOS Position and velocity of COM

Steady-state Control

ability to control COM relative to BOS in predictable nonchanging situation ex: sitting, standing quietly

Reactive Control

in response to outside forces, like perturbations, displacing COG or moving BOS ex: being bumped in a crowd

Proactive/Anticipatory Control

occurs in anticipation of internally generated, destabilizing forces, such as intent to move ex: stepping onto a curb

Order of Postural Movement Strategies

Ankle Hip Stepping Reach

When does Primary standing/positive support emerge, and what is it?

newborn to 2 months in supported standing, accepts weight in legs for 20-30 seconds automatic walking

What is ATNR, its significance, and when does it emerge?

supine, head rotated to extended arm, other arm flexed DCD can develop if not integrated newborn to 6 months

What is TLR and when does it emerge?

Neck extends --> increased extensor tone and extension of all limbs Same with flexion

Anterior Protective extension

arms extend forward 6-9 months

Lateral Protective extension

arms extend laterally 6-9 months

Upper extremity parachute

in prone suspension, arms extend and abduct in response to head moving down 6-7 months tests for child's reaction to falling forward

Posterior Protective extension

extends arms backwards 9 months

Development Changes at 25-27 weeks (prenatal)

somersaults, axial rotations, flexing, kicking, stretching, punching

Newborn spine/posture

C-curve, flexion posture in all limbs

What occurs in first 3 months of life?

head tipped forward in supported sitting head bobbing around 2 months midline orientation at 3 months

What occurs at 4-6 months?

on-elbows/hands posture head held upright begins to sit unsupported begins to take weight on legs secondary spinal curves develop

What occurs at 7-9 months?

rolling, quadruped position belly crawling to creeping independent, wobbly sitting posture

When does sitting become the preferred position for a baby?

8 months

What occurs at 10-12 months?

Standing preferred position pull to stand, cruising, early walking with wide BOS

How does body fat change from 2-6 years?

decrease from 22% at 1 year to 12.5-15% at 5 years

What occurs at 12-14 months?

walking well

15-18 months

kick ball forward

20-24 months

jump in place

Gait at 2 years

heel striking, arm swinging with gait

36 months

stand on one foot, stable gait, decreased toe out stance

When does mature gate emerge?

7 years

When can a child skip?

6 years

When can a child jump rope?

8 years

When is the vestibular system mature?

12 years

Postural response to perturbation at 2-3 years

well organized but amplitudes larger and latencies longer than adult

Postural response to perturbation at 4-6 years

responses become slower and more variable

Postural response to perturbation at 7-10 years

essentially like those of an adult

Older adulthood postural change

thoracic kyphosis, forward head 50% less extensor flexibility in 70-84 year old compared to 20-29 year old

Postural Control Flashcards

(64 cards)