Explains in detail the over-all
procedure to be followed in
conducting research.
METHODOLOGY
The methodology describes in detail the:
- Research design
- Study variables
- Research respondents/subjects
- Sampling procedures
- Research instrument
- Data gathering steps
- Data analysis method or tool
- Ethical considerations
WHAT IS A GOOD
METHODOLOGY?
- WHAT is going to be done,
- WHY it is going to be done, and
- HOW it is going to be done.
- It is the plan, structure, and strategy
of the investigation. - A framework for conducting a
research project that specifies the
procedures necessary to obtain
information needed to structure
and/or solve the research problem. - Framework that guides researchers
on how to collect, analyze, and
interpret observations.
RESEARCH DESIGN
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH DESIGNS
- Observational Studies
- Intervention Studies
- Exploratory Research
- Conclusive Research
The researcher just observes and analyzes researchable objects or situations but does
not intervene.
Observational Studies
The researcher manipulates
objects or situations and
measures the outcome of his
manipulations.
Intervention Studies
- Small-scale study carried out when little
is known about a situation or a problem. - Provides insights, aids problem definition,
and helps to develop hypotheses. - Flexible, unstructured; Information
needed is defined loosely, findings are
tentative. - Often qualitative in nature
Exploratory Research
- Formal, Structured
- Information needed is well-defined
- Test specific hypotheses or
relationships - Larger, more representative samples
- Often quantitative in nature
Conclusive Researh
KINDS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
- Survey Design
- Experimental Design
True Experimental Design
Quasi-Experimental Design - Causal-Comparative Design
- Correlational Design
It is a strategy that enables you
to study “naturally occurring
phenomena.
”
It enables you to answer
questions about the distribution
of and relationships among
characteristics of people as they
exist in their natural setting
(Mitchell & Jolley, 2004; Alreck
and Settle, 1985).
SURVEY DESIGN
BASIC SURVEY DESIGNS
- CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
- LONGITUDINAL STUDY
- Researcher collects data over
time. - Sometimes, referred to as time-
series study - An investigation that involves
taking repeated measures over
time.; Useful for conducting
trend analysis, tracking changes
in behavior over time.
Longitudinal Study
Researcher collects data at one
point in time from a sample
selected to describe a
population at that time
Involves conducting a survey of
a sample of population elements
at one point in time.
Cross-Sectional Study
LONGITUDINAL STUDY
- TREND STUDY
- COHORT STUDY
- PANEL STUDY
The researcher
compares the
career
aspiration of
fourth year
college students
and
Trend Study
deals with the
same specific
population each
time data are
collected even if
sample may be
different.
Cohort Study
- It aims to find out cause-and-effect
relationships between variables. - Basic requirements for experiments
(Librero, 2012): - Random assignment of
respondents or research
participants, - Treatment and no-treatment
groups, and - Observations after the treatment.
Experimental Design
______ partly, partially, almost
Research designs that lack random
assignment of respondents to
experimental treatments so that
comparison between treatments has
to be done with groups that are not
equivalent.
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
Also known as associational research
It is designed to:
To explore the relationship between
two or more without manipulating any
of the variables being investigated
To describe the nature of existing
relationship between variables
To determine the degree of relationship
between 2 or more variables (with the
use of a correlation coefficient)
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
Positive Correlation means that high
scores in one variable (X) are associated
with _____ in another variable (Y).
Negative Correlation means that high
scores in one variable (X) are associated
with _____ in another variable (Y).
high scores, low scires
EXAMPLE OF NON-
MANIPULABLE VARIABLES
Age
Sex
Ethnicity
Learning style
Socioeconomic status
Parent educational level
Family environment
Type of school attended
- The slanting of findings away
from the truth. - _____ distorts findings.
Research designs should be
developed to reduce the
likelihood of bias or to control
for it. - Depicted as threats to internal
and external validity
VIAS
POTENTIAL CAUSES OF BIAS
IN RESEARCH DESIGNS
Researchers
Components of the environment and/or
setting
Individual subjects and/or sample
How groups were formed
Measurement tools
Data collection process
Data and duration of study (maturation)
Statistical tests and analysis of
interpretation
