Practical 2 lab topics

Question 1

What is an antigen?

Answer 1

A name tag for a blood cell

Question 2

How many antigens are there?

Answer 2

there are three A, B, and RH

Question 3

What kind of antigen is found on type A blood?

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What type of antigen is found on type B blood?

Answer 4

B

Question 5

What type of antigen is found on type AB blood?

Answer 5

Both A and B

Question 6

What type of antigen is found on O blood?

Answer 6

None unless it’s positive because then it will have the RH but no A or B

Question 7

On what blood types is the RH antigen found on?

Answer 7

Any blood type that is positive A+, B+, O+, and AB+

Question 8

What does it mean for a blood type if it does not have the RH antigen? what types do not have it?

Answer 8

It means that it is negative which includes A-, B-, O-, and AB-

Question 9

Which blood type has all the possible antigens?

Answer 9

AB+ would include A, B and RH

Question 10

What blood type has none of the possible antigens?

Answer 10

O-

Question 11

What is important to keep in mind when considering what blood type can donate to someone?

Answer 11

How the recipents antibodies will react to the donors antigens

Question 11

What is the tidal volume? (when does it occur and what is it’s volume?)

Answer 11

It happens during normal quiet breathing and it’s volume is 500mL

Question 11

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?(when does it occur and what is it’s volume?)

Answer 11

It happens when inhaling deeply and it can range in volume from 1,900mL-3,100mL

Question 11

What does it mean if O- has all of the possible antibodies but none of the antigens in terms of blood donations?

Answer 11

It means that O- can donate to any blood type because it does not not have any antigens that would trigger an aggultenation reaction with the antibodies

Question 12

What is expiratory volume? (when does it occur and what is it’s volume?)

Answer 12

It is the amount of air that can be forceably exhaled after a tidal volume and it can range from 700mL-1,200mL

Question 13

What does the inspiratory capacity mean?

Answer 13

it is the tidal volume added to the inspiriatory reserve volume

Question 14

What is the range for the inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 14

2,400 mL-3,600mL

Question 15

What is the functional residual capacity?

Answer 15

It is the amount of air that is left in the lungs after a tidal expiration or in other words it is ERV+RV

Question 16

What is the range amount for functional residual capacity?

Answer 16

1,800-2,400 mL

Question 17

What is vital capacity?

Answer 17

it is the total amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs

Question 18

What is the normal range amount for vital capacity?

Answer 18

3,100 mL -4,800 mL

Question 19

What is total lung capacity?

Answer 19

It is the total amount of air in the lungs even if all of it does not move in and out

Question 20

What is the normal range for total lung capacity?

Answer 20

4,200-6,000mL

Question 21

What does FEV1 mean?

Answer 21

it is the volume of air that is forceably expired within the first second

Question 22

What does FVC mean?

Answer 22

it is the total volume exhaled

Question 23

How do you calculate the score for a forced vital capacity test?

Answer 23

FEV1/FVC(x) 100= score

Question 24

What is a healthy score for the forced vital capacity test? And what do most people score?

Answer 24

80% but most score above 85%

Question 25

What can a score below 80% indicate?

Answer 25

that someone has an obstructive lung disease

Question 26

How do you calculate minute volume?

Answer 26

Respiratory rate times tidal volume

Question 27

What would the minute volume be for someone with a tidal volume of 500mL and a RR of 14?

Answer 27

7,00mL/min

Question 28

What is a restrictive pulmonary disease?

Answer 28

It is a condition that limits the chest's ability to expand

Question 29

How does a restrictive pulmonary disease affect vital capacity?

Answer 29

It decreases it because of the change in respiratory volume

Question 30

What is a obstructive pulmonary disease?

Answer 30

It is a condition that increases resistance to airflow by decreases the diameter of the bronchioles

Question 31

How does Boyle's law affect ventilation?

Answer 31

Because a volume increases pressure decreases and vice versa

Question 32

What does Dalton's Law say about pressure?

Answer 32

It states that an air pressure system is made up of a combination of different gasses

Question 33

What is the percentage of nitrogen that makes up the air?

Answer 33

79%

Question 34

What is the percentage of oxygen that makes up the air?

Answer 34

21%

Question 35

What is the percentage of CO2 that makes up the air?

Answer 35

0.04%

Question 36

How do you determine the partial pressures of gasses in different altitudes?

Answer 36

Multiply the percentage of the gas in the air by the pressure of the air at that elevation

Question 37

What is the partial pressure of O2 at sea level?

Answer 37

159mmHg

Question 38

How many feet is one atm?

Answer 38

33 feet = 760mmHg

Question 39

How does the pressure change as the altitude increases? ex going up to the mountains

Answer 39

The pressure of the gas decreases overall

Question 40

How does the pressure change as the altitude decreases? ex going underwater

Answer 40

The pressure of the gasses increases

Question 41

How does Henry's law determine the solubility of a gas in different pressures?

Answer 41

C(concentration)=k (solubility) X Partial pressure

Question 42

How could you calculate the solubility of Co2 at sea level? given that the solubility constant is 0.7

Answer 42

0.21 mL/L

Question 43

How does hemoglobin binding change as altitude increases?

Answer 43

it decreases