Practical 3 topics

Question 1

What is the normal pH of blood?

Answer 1

7.35-7.45

Question 2

What is the normal pCO2 of blood?

Answer 2

35-45mmHg

Question 3

What is the normal HCO3 of blood?

Answer 3

22-26mEq/L

Question 4

What is the condition (acidosis/alkalosis) if the patient has low pH levels and high CO2?

Answer 4

Respiratory acidosis

Question 5

What is the compensation for respiratory acidosis?

Answer 5

to decrease the HCO3(bicarb) levels because that will decrease the CO2 as well

Question 6

What is the condition (acidosis/alkalosis) if the patient has high pH levels and low CO2?

Answer 6

respiratory alkalosis

Question 7

What is the condition (acidosis/alkalosis) if the patient has low pH and CO2 levels?

Answer 7

metabolic acidosis

Question 8

What is the condition (acidosis/alkalosis) if the patient has high pH and high CO2 levels?

Answer 8

metabolic alkalosis

Question 9

What can be changed to reduce/compensate for respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 9

increase the HCO3 (bicarb) levels to decrease CO2

Question 10

What can be changed to compensate for metabolic acidosis?

Answer 10

decrease the CO2

Question 11

What can be changed to compensate for metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 11

increase the CO2

Question 12

What can cause respiratory acidosis?

Answer 12

hypoventilation or choking

Question 13

what can cause respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 13

hyperventilation

Question 14

what can cause metabolic acidosis?

Answer 14

exercise, too much protein, disordered eating,

Question 15

what can cause metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 15

vomiting and ingestion of antiacids

Question 16

What does ROME mean?

Answer 16

Respiratory opposite metabolic equal

Question 17

What does target blood glucose mean?

Answer 17

It is a blood glucose level that is the ideal range of blood glucose levels for the person after they have injected insulin

Question 18

What does the correction factor mean?

Answer 18

it is the number of points that one unit of insulin will lower blood glucose levels and it is specific to the individual

Question 19

When is the number of carbohydrates in a meal calculated?

Answer 19

it is calculated before a meal is eaten to help measure how many units of insulin needs to be injected before eating

Question 20

What is the insulin to carbohydrate ratio?

Answer 20

it is the ratio that is specific to each person for how many grams of carbs will be covered by insulin

Question 21

What is the equation formula to calculate the insulin correction factor for high blood glucose?

Answer 21

Blood glucose- target blood glucose/ correction factor=additional units needed to compensate

Question 22

Calculate the insulin correction factor for the following numbers:
Blood glucose - 242mg/dL
Total carbs-65g
Correction factor-50 (1 unit lowers BG 50 mg/dL)
Insulin: Carb Ratio- 15 (1 unit for every 15g of carbs)
Target BG-150 mg/dl

Answer 22

242-150/50=1.84 additional units of insulin

Question 23

What is the equation for calculating the amount of insulin needed for a meal?

Answer 23

Total carbs of the meal/ correction factor= number of units needed for a meal

Question 24

Calculate the insulin amount for a meal using the following numbers:
Blood glucose - 242mg/dL
Total carbs-65g
Correction factor-50 (1 unit lowers BG 50 mg/dL)
Insulin: Carb Ratio- 15 (1 unit for every 15g of carbs)
Target BG-150 mg/dl

Answer 24

65g/15=4.3

Question 25

How do you calculate the total insulin?

Answer 25

add the units needed for the high blood glucose and the units needed for the meal

Question 26

What would the total units of insulin be if the high blood glucose amount is 1.84 units and 4.33 units are needed for the meal?

Answer 26

6.17 units or round to the nearest half unit its 6 units

Question 27

the appearance of _______ and ________ in the urine is a sign of diabetes

Answer 27

glucose and ketones

Question 28

the appearance of _______, ____________ and __________ in urine is a sign of a UTI

Answer 28

nitrates, leukeocytes, and blood

Question 29

the appearance of ___________ and _________ in the urine is a sign of a liver issue

Answer 29

urobilinogen, and bilirubin

Question 30

the presence of _________ urine indicates a metabolic or respiratory acidosis

Answer 30

pH

Question 31

The presence of __________ in the urine is a sign of UTI/ kidney stones

Answer 31

blood

Question 32

The absence of ________ _________in the urine is a sign of a hydration complication

Answer 32

specific gravity

Question 33

what is the normal pH of urine?

Answer 33

4.6-8.0

Question 34

What is the normal specific gravity of urine?

Answer 34

1.003-1.035

Question 35

write the acid base balance equation

Answer 35

H2O+CO2 <----> HCO3- (+) H+

Question 36

What happens in a gastric bypass procedure?

Answer 36

reduces the size of someone's stomach by surgically removing part of the stomach and making a smaller small intestine to reduce the amount of food that is absorbed

Question 37

What happens with lactose intolerance?

Answer 37

it is when the lactase enzyme which helps to break down lactose a sugar that is found in milk and dairy projects

Question 38

What happens in hemmhorids?

Answer 38

when veins swell in the rectum or anus as a result of increase in straining like preganacy, or constipation

Question 39

What is GERD?

Answer 39

It is when the lower esophageal sphincter in the stomach is weakend, which slows down stomach emptying and increases reflux of acid

Question 40

what causes/ happens in gallstones?

Answer 40

it can be caused by estrogen, too much fat/ cholestrol, or fasting. It causes difficulty with digesting fats

Question 41

what happens in a colonoscopy?

Answer 41

an adult who is over the age of 45 gets mildly sedated and then has a scope to scan the large intestine for signs of cancer

Question 42

What happens in celiac disease?

Answer 42

it is when the vili of the intestines are damaged due to harm that occurs from eating gluten. it is often accompanied my symptoms of stomach upset

Question 43

What happens in gluten intolerance?

Answer 43

it is when someone will experience symptoms of stomach upset similar to celiac disease but without the intestinal damage

Question 44

What happens in diverticulitis?

Answer 44

it is when inflammation or infection happens in the hastura of the colon which can lead to bleeding, or tearing

Question 45

What is chron's disease?

Answer 45

it is an inflammation of the alimentary canal and while it can happen anywhere it is most common for it to happen in the ilium of the small intestine/ cecum portion of the large intestine. it is belived to be caused by an autoimmune disease but chances of it can also be increased with smoking. It results in stomach aches, diarrhea and weight loss

Question 46

what is peptic ulcers?

Answer 46

it is open sores on the lining of the stomach or duodenum commonly caused by a bacterial infection. it can usually be treated with something to reduce the stomach acid

Question 46

what is irritable bowel disease?

Answer 46

It is an umbrella diagnosis for a lot of symptoms like lower abdominal pain it is believed to affect the microbiome and can increase from anxitey and depression. The best way to help it is with a diet change

Question 47

What is considered hyperglycemia?

Answer 47

more than 140mg/dL

Question 48

What is considered hypoglycemia?

Answer 48

less than 60mg/dL

Question 49

what is the role of insulin in regulating glucose and what type of pancreas cells does it come from?

Answer 49

it increases the intake of glucose into the cells by opening the "doors" and comes form the beta cells