1
Q
What is the resolution of a vernier caliper?
A
0.1 mm (or 0.01 cm)
2
Q
What is the resolution of a micrometer screw gauge?
A
0.01 mm
3
Q
Why check zero error before measuring?
A
To correct systematic error
4
Q
How to correct zero error?
A
Subtract or add zero error to reading
5
Q
Why use ratchet on micrometer?
A
To apply constant force
6
Q
Why take readings at different orientations?
A
To reduce systematic error
7
Q
Why take multiple readings?
A
To reduce random error
8
Q
What is percentage uncertainty formula?
A
(absolute uncertainty / value) × 100
9
Q
How to find uncertainty from repeated readings?
A
(range / 2)
10
Q
Percentage uncertainty from repeats?
A
(range / 2 ÷ mean) × 100
11
Q
How to combine uncertainties in multiplication/division?
A
Add percentage uncertainties
12
Q
How to combine uncertainties in addition/subtraction?
A
Add absolute uncertainties
13
Q
Why give uncertainty to 1–2 significant figures?
A
Standard convention
14
Q
How to check if y ∝ x?
A
Plot y vs x
15
Q
How to check if y ∝ 1/x?
A
Plot y vs 1/x
16
Q
How to check if y ∝ x²?
A
Plot y vs x²
17
Q
What does gradient represent?
A
Physical constant or relationship
18
Q
Formula for gradient?
A
Δy / Δx
19
Q
Why draw best fit line?
A
Reduce random error
20
Q
Why not join dots on graph?
A
Data has uncertainty
21
Q
What are the 4 key parts of a method?
A
Measure, vary, control, repeat
22
Q
Why control variables?
A
To ensure fair test
23
Q
Example of control variable?
A
Temperature, mass, length, angle
24
Q
Why repeat readings?
A
Improve reliability
25
Why take mean?
Reduce random error
26
What is wrong with inconsistent decimal places?
Shows poor precision
27
Why include units in tables?
Required for clarity
28
Why need many data points?
Improve reliability
29
What is an anomaly?
A result that does not fit trend
30
Density formula?
ρ = m / V
31
Volume of cuboid?
V = l × w × h
32
Why measure many sheets instead of one?
Reduce percentage uncertainty
33
Why use multiple measurements?
Improve accuracy
34
Velocity using light gate?
v = length / time
35
Why use light gates instead of stopwatch?
More precise
36
Why use large time/distance?
Reduce percentage uncertainty
37
Echo method formula?
distance = vt / 2
38
Why divide by 2 in echo?
Sound travels there and back
39
What is pulse-echo method?
Measure time of reflected wave
40
What is terminal velocity?
Constant velocity when forces balance
41
How ensure terminal velocity?
Measure in constant speed region
42
Why terminal velocity important?
Valid calculations
43
What does voltmeter measure?
Potential difference
44
What does ammeter measure?
Current
45
How reduce heating effect in circuits?
Use low current
46
Why switch off between readings?
Prevent temperature change
47
What is random error?
Varies unpredictably
48
What is systematic error?
Consistent bias
49
Example of systematic error?
Zero error
50
How reduce random error?
Repeat and average
51
How reduce systematic error?
Calibration
52
Why wear goggles?
Protect eyes
53
Why clamp apparatus?
Prevent falling
54
Risk with glass?
Breakage and cuts
55
Risk with rubber band?
Snapping injury
56
Why measure at multiple points?
Object not uniform
57
Why measure thickness of many sheets?
Reduce uncertainty
58
Why use correct scale?
Improve precision
59
Why compare with accepted value?
Check validity
60
When is result valid?
Within uncertainty range
61
Why large uncertainty is bad?
Low precision
62
How improve accuracy?
Use precise instrument
63
How improve reliability?
Repeat and average
64
How reduce uncertainty?
Measure larger values
65
Why control variables?
Ensure only one changes
66
Momentum formula?
p = mv
67
How check conservation of momentum?
Before = after
68
Why momentum not conserved exactly?
Friction and errors
69
Why calibrate instruments?
Remove systematic error
70
Why use digital instruments?
Higher precision
71
Why align eye with scale?
Avoid parallax error
72
Why label graph axes?
Clarity
73
Should graphs include units?
Yes
74
Why use full graph space?
Improve accuracy
75
How measure force without force meter?
Use masses and F = mg
76
How measure acceleration?
Use v² = u² + 2as
77
How measure density experimentally?
Measure mass and volume
78
Why repeating experiment important?
Improves reliability
79
Why use mean value?
Reduces random error
80
Why graph better than single value?
Uses all data
81
Why use large values in experiment?
Reduce percentage uncertainty
82
Why measure in different orientations?
Detect irregularities
83
What is resolution?
Smallest measurable change
84
What is precision?
How close repeated values are
85
What is accuracy?
How close to true value
86
How reduce parallax error?
Eye level with scale
87
Why use ruler with mm scale?
Better precision
88
Why measure longer length?
Reduce percentage uncertainty
89
What is percentage uncertainty of single reading?
resolution/value × 100
90
What is uncertainty of micrometer?
±0.01 mm
91
What is uncertainty of vernier?
±0.1 mm
92
What is best way to reduce percentage uncertainty?
Increase measured value
93
What is reliability?
Consistency of results
94
What is validity?
Measures what it should
95
What is reproducibility?
Same results by different people
96
What is repeatability?
Same results by same person
97
Why avoid parallax error?
Prevent systematic error
98
Why ensure apparatus stable?
Reduce random error
99
Why use clamp stand?
Stability
100
Why avoid drafts in experiments?
Prevent external influence
101
Why keep temperature constant?
Control variable
102
Why measure quickly in temperature experiments?
Avoid heat loss
103
What is a best-fit line?
Line minimizing scatter
104
Should best-fit line pass through origin always?
Only if theory predicts
105
What indicates systematic error on graph?
Line not through expected intercept
106
What is gradient uncertainty method?
Use worst acceptable lines
107
What is mean?
Average of readings
108
What is range?
Max − min value
109
Why ignore anomalies?
Only if justified
110
Why include anomalies?
If unsure
111
Why repeat measurements 3 times minimum?
Standard reliability
112
Why use stopwatch multiple times?
Reduce random error
113
Why electronic timing better?
Higher precision
114
What is fractional uncertainty?
uncertainty/value
115
What is percentage uncertainty?
fractional × 100
116
Why give answers to correct significant figures?
Match precision
117
Why quote uncertainty?
Show reliability
118
Why is large uncertainty bad?
Less confidence
119
Why is small uncertainty good?
High precision
Physics
flashcards
Decks in class (45)
# Cards
-
1.1.1 Velocity, Acceleration, Motion Graphs39
-
1.1.2 Kinematic equations37
-
1.1.3 Adding and resolving vectors38
-
1.1.4 Moments32
-
1.1.5 Newton’s laws of motion43
-
1.1.6 Projectile Motion35
-
1.2 Energy, work and power29
-
1.3 Momentum25
-
3A.1 Wave Basics18
-
3A.2 Wave types14
-
3B.1 wave phase and superposition14
-
3B.2 Stationary waves19
-
3B.3 Diffraction15
-
3B.4 wave interference14
-
3C.1 Refraction15
-
3C.2 Total internal refraction18
-
3C.3 Polarisation19
-
3D.1 Wave particle duality21
-
3D.2 the photoelectric effect21
-
3D.3 Electron diffraction and interference21
-
3D.4 atomic electron energies27
-
4A.1 electric circuits24
-
4A.2 electrical energy transfer22
-
4A.3 current and voltage relationships22
-
4A.4 resistivity26
-
4A.5 conduction and resistance27
-
4A.6 semiconductors33
-
4B.1 series and parallel circuits33
-
4B.2 Electrical circuit rules25
-
4B.3 Potential dividers30
-
4B.4 emf and internal resistance30
-
4B.5 power in electric circuits36
-
practical unit 3119
