Systems: MSK AB > Pre-practical Lower Limb > Flashcards

Pre-practical Lower Limb Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What are the components of the hip joint?

A
  • Acetabulum
  • Acetabular labrum
  • Ligament of head of femur (intracapsular)
  • Femoral head
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2
Q

What does the ligament of the head of the demur enclose?

A

It encloses a branch of the oburator artery, which comprises a small proportion of the hip joint blood.

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3
Q

What are the extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint?

A
  • Iliofemoral
  • Pubofemoral
  • Ischiofemoral
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4
Q

What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?

A

Prevents hyperextension of the hip joint

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5
Q

What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament?

A

Prevents excessive abduction and extension

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6
Q

What is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament?

A

Prevents excessive extension

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7
Q

How are the extrcapsular ligaments of the hip joint orientated?

A

These ligaments have a uniquespiral orientation; this causes them to become tighter when the joint is extended, which adds stability to the joint.

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8
Q

What are the circumflex arteries branches of?

A

The profunda femoris artery

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9
Q

What is responsible for the majority of the blood supply to the hip joint?

A

Medial circumflex artery

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10
Q

What can damage to the medial circumflex artery result in?

A

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head

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11
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

Any major nerve supplying muscles that act on a joint will send a branches to also supply the joint

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12
Q

What nerves innervate the hip joint?

A
  • Femoral nerve
  • Obturator nerve
  • Superior gluteal nerve
  • Nerve to quadratus femoris
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13
Q

What ligaments are found in the gluteal region?

A
  • Sacroiliac
  • Sacrotuberous
  • Sacrospinous
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14
Q

What are the actions of gluteus maximus?

A
  • Extension of thigh at hip
  • Abduction of thigh at jip
  • External rotation of thigh at hip
  • Stabilise the knee in extension of the thigh via the iliotibial band
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15
Q

What is the innervation of gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve L5-S2

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16
Q

What is the blood supply to gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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17
Q

What are the actions of gluteus medius and minimus?

A
  • Abduction of the hip
  • Internal rotation of the thigh
  • Support the body on one limb in conjunction with tenor fascia lata
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18
Q

What is the innervation of gluteus medius and minimus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve L4-S1

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19
Q

What is the blood supply to gluteus medius and gluteus minimus?

A

Superior gluteal region

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20
Q

What are the actions of tensor fasciae lata?

A

Assiste with flexion and abduction of the thigh

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21
Q

What is the innervation of tensor fasciae lata?

A

Superior gluteal nerve L4-S1

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22
Q

What is the blood supply to tensor fasciae lata?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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23
Q

Where can the sciatic nerve be located?

A

Sciatic nerve halfway between:

  • Sacrum & greater trochanter
  • Ischial tuberosity & lesser trochanter
  • Natal cleft & lateral edge of thigh
  • Inferior border of piriformis
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24
Q

What is Trendelenburg sign?

A
  • Dipping gait of contralateral side when standing on one leg
  • Compromised gluteus medius/ superior gluteus nerve
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25
What muscles make up the hamstrings?
- Biceps femoris - Semimembranosus - Semitendinosus
26
Where do the hamstrings originate?
Ischial tuberosity
27
What nerve innervates the adductor compartment?
Obturator nerve
28
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
- Lymphatics - Femoral vein - Femoral artery - Femoral nerve
29
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
- Roof= inguinal ligament - Medial= adductor longus - Lateral= sartorius
30
What are the boundaries of the adductor canal?
- Anterior= sartorius - Lateral= vastus medialis - Posterior= adductor longus and adductor magnus
31
What are the contents of the adductor canal?
- Femoral artery - Femoral vein - Saphenous nerve
32
Where is the femoral pulse felt?
Midway between the pubis symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine (midinguinal point)
33
How do femoral hernias occur?
Part of the bowel pushes into the femoral canal
34
How do femoral hernias present?
Manifests as a lump or bulge in the area of the femoral triangle posterior and inferior to inguinal ligament
35
Who do femoral hernias occur in commonly?
Females
36
What bones are present at the knee joint?
- Femur - Tibia - Patella
37
What ligaments are present at the knee?
- Anterior cruciate ligament - Posterior cruciate ligament - Medial collateral ligament - Lateral collateral ligament
38
What is Drawer test?
- Excessive anterior displacement of the tibia suggests that the ACL is injured. - Excessive posterior displacement of tibia the suggests that the PCL is injured.
39
What bursa are present around the knee?
- Semimembranosus bursa - Subsartorial bursa - Deep infrapatellar bursa - Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa - Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa - Suprapatellar bursa
40
What is a fabella?
- A sesamoid bone located inside the gastrocnemius lateral head tendon on the posterior side of the knee, in about 25% of people. - It is a variant of normal anatomy
41
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
- Superiolateral= biceps femoris - Superomeadial= semimembranosus - Inferolateral= Lateral head of gastrocnemius - Inferomedial= Medial head of gastrocnemius
42
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa from superficial to deep?
- Tibial nerve - Politeal vein - Popliteal artery
43
Where does the common peroneal nerve cross the fibula?
Surgical neck
44
What muscle can entrap the common peroneal nerve?
Fibularis longus
45
What muscles make up the superficial posterior leg?
- Gastrocnemius - Soleus - Plantaris
46
What muscles make up the deep posterior leg?
-Popliteus -Tibialis posterior -Flexor digitorum longus -Flexor hallucis longus -
47
Where does the calf neurovascular plane lie?
Between the superficial and deep muscle groups
48
What does the post tibial artery give off?
Fibular artery
49
What muscles are in the anterior leg compartment?
- Tibialis anterior - Extensor digitorum longus - Extensor hallucis longus
50
What is the innervation of the anterior leg compartment?
Deep fibular nerve
51
What muscles are in the lateral leg compartment?
- Fibularis longus - Fibularies brevis - Fibularis tertius
52
What is the innervation of the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial fibular nerve
53
What structures pass posterior the medial malleolus?
- Tibialis posterior - Flexor digitroum longus - Posterior tibial artery - Posterior tibial vein - Tibial nerve - Flexor hallucis longus
54
Describe the medial ligament of the malleolus?
- The medial ligament (or deltoid ligament) is attached to the medial malleolus. - It consists of four separate ligaments, which fan out from the malleolus, attaching to the talus, calcaneus and navicular bones. -The primary action of the medial ligament is to resist over-eversion of the foot
55
What ligaments make up the deltoid ligament?
- Anterior tbiotalar - Posterior tibiotalar - Tibionavicular - Tibiocalcaneal
56
Describe the lateral ligament of the malleolus.
- The lateral ligament originates from the lateral malleolus. - It resists over-inversion of the foot. It is comprised of three distinct ligaments.
57
What ligaments make up the lateral ligament?
- Posterior talodibular - Anterior talofibular - Calcaneofibular
58
What ligaments are present in the foot?
- Plantarcalcaneonavicular ligament - Long plantar ligament - Short plantar ligament - Plantar fascia
59
What type of joint is the superior tibial fibular joint?
Synovial plane
60
What type of joint is the inferior tibial fibula joint?
Syndesmosis
61
How many layers of muscles are there in the foot?
4
62
How many neurovascular planes are there in the foot/
2
63
What arches are there in the foot?
- Lateral longitudinal arch - Transverse arch - Medial longitudinal arch
64
What structures maintain the arches of the foot?
- Tibialis anterior - Peroneus longus - Plantar aponeurosis - Flexor digitorum brevis - Ligaments
65
What is the lympathic drainage of the lower limb?
Inguinal nodes
66
Major dermatomal landmarks?
- L1-2= groin - L4= knee - L5= sole of foot - S1= baby toe - S1-2= back of leg and thigh
67
What is the cutaneous innervation of the sole of the foot?
- First 3.5 toes= medial plantar nerve - Last 1.5 toes= lateral plantar nerve - Heel= medial calcaneal branches - Lateral aspect= sural nerve - Medial aspect= saphenous nerve
Systems: MSK AB
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