Procedures

Question 1

Normal Takeoff

Answer 1

1. SELECT - Reference point to maintain runway extended centerline after takeoff.
2. POWER - “Heels to the deck,” set 2000 RPM.
3. INSTRUMENTS - Check engine instruments and announce “Instruments in the green.”
4. POWER - Advance smoothly to full.
5. MAINTAIN - Directional control using the rudders.
6. AIRSPEED - Check and announce “Airspeed alive.”
7. ROTATE - Rotate at Vr(55KIAS).
8. ACCELERATE - Accelerate to Vy(73KIAS).
9. PITCH - Set attitude for Vy.
10. CHECKLIST - Execute CLIMB checklist once above 1000’ AGL and conditions permit.

Question 2

Crosswind Takeoff

Answer 2

1. SELECT - Reference point to maintain runway extended centerline after takeoff.
2. AILERON - Full into wind.
3. POWER - “Heels to the deck,” set 2000 RPM.
4. INSTRUMENTS - Check engine instruments and announce “Instruments in the green.”
5. POWER - Advance smoothly to full.
6. MAINTAIN - Directional control using the rudders.
7. AIRSPEED - Check and announce “Airspeed alive.”
8. AILERON - Gradually reduce aileron as airspeed increases and controls become effective.
9. ROTATE - Rotate at Vr.
   After Liftoff:
10. CRAB - Crab into wind to maintain runway centerline.
11. ACCELERATE - Accelerate to Vy.
12. ATTITUDE - Set attitude for Vy

Question 3

Initiate a Vy Climb from Level Flight

Answer 3

a. RICH - Mixture full rich, as required.
b. POWER - Smoothly apply full power
c. ATTITUDE - Simultaneously set Vy (73 KIAS) pitch.
d. TRIM - As required for climb airspeed

Question 4

Level-off from Climb

Answer 4

a. ATTITUDE - 50 ft prior to level-off altitude, begin lowering nose to the level flight attitude.
b. ACCELERATE - 90 KIAS, trim throughout the acceleration.
c. POWER - Smoothly reduce to ~2100 RPM.
d. ATTITUDE - Set pitch for level flight.
e. TRIM - Adjust for hands free flight

Question 5

Initiate a Constant Airspeed Descent from Level Flight

Answer 5

a. RICH - Mixture full rich, as required.
b. POWER - Reduce to ~1500 RPM.
c. ATTITUDE - Simultaneously allow pitch attitude to drop to establish airspeed of 90 KIAS
d. TRIM - As required to maintain constant airspeed.

Question 6

Level-off from a Constant Airspeed Descent

Answer 6

a. ATTITUDE - 50 ft prior to level-off altitude pitch to level-flight attitude.
b. POWER - Increase to cruise setting.
c. ATTITUDE - Adjust to maintain level flight picture.
d. TRIM - As required to maintain straight and level flight

Question 7

Level Speed Change

Answer 7

1. Establish the aircraft at 90 KIAS and any numbered heading.
2. CARB HEAT - On
3. POWER - Reduce to ~ 1500 RPM.
4. ATTITUDE - Continually adjust pitch as required to maintain altitude as airspeed decreases.
5. FLAPS - Full (When in white arc).
6. TRIM - As required.
   Approaching 60 KIAS
7. POWER - Increase power to ~2100 RPM as required in order to maintain level flight.
8. ATTITUDE - To maintain airspeed and altitude.
9. TRIM - Trim as required to maintain hands off stable flight.
10. CLEAR - Clear the airspace in direction of turn.
11. TURN - Turn 90º and then reverse turn back to initial heading (~10-15º AOB) if directed by the instructor.
    Recovery
12. POWER - Increase to full throttle.
13. CARB HEAT - Off
14. FLAPS - Retract flaps incrementally.
15. ATTITUDE - Simultaneously reduce to maintain level.
16. ACCELERATE - 90 KIAS.
17. TRIM - Trim to hands off level flight.

Question 8

Turn Pattern

Answer 8

1. Establish the aircraft straight and level on any cardinal heading, base altitude and 90 KIAS.
2. Clear the area. Turn either direction for 30º of heading change using a 15º AOB. Clear the area (in the other direction), then reverse the turn, leading by the one- third rule for 30º of heading change using a 15º AOB.
3. Clear the area. With no delay, reverse the turn leading by the one-third rule and turn for 90º of heading change using a 30º AOB. Maintain altitude and airspeed with power and nose attitude; trim. Clear the area (other direction), then reverse the turn with no delay using the one-third rule for 90º of heading change using a 30º angle of bank. Remember, adjust nose attitude as necessary to maintain airspeed and altitude while rolling through wings level.
4. Clear the area. With no delay, reverse the turn leading by the one-third rule and turn for 180º of heading change using a 45º AOB. Maintain altitude and airspeed with power and nose attitude; trim. Clear the area (other direction), then reverse the turn with no delay using the one-third rule for 180º of heading change using a 45º angle of bank. Remember, adjust nose attitude as necessary to maintain airspeed and altitude while rolling through wings level.
5. Roll out on the original heading using the one-third rule and holding slight forward stick pressure to prevent ballooning.
6. Reset power to the normal/slow cruise power setting (as required), reset attitude and re- trim for straight and level flight.

Question 9

Power Off Stall

Answer 9

Entry with airspeed 90 KIAS or less on a numbered heading.
1. CLEAR - Clearing turns executed as required
2. CARB HEAT - On.
3. POWER - Retard power smoothly to idle.
4. FLAPS - Full (When in white arc).
5. AIRSPEED - Establish a 65 KIAS trimmed up, hands free, stabilized descent 200’
6. PITCH - Raise the nose 5-10º.
At stall warning horn, buffet, or loss of controllability, simultaneously:
7. RELAX - Relax back pressure.
8. MAX - Smoothly advance the throttle to full power.
9. CARB HEAT - OFF.
10. LEVEL - Level wings (primarily using ailerons).
11. BALL - Apply right rudder to center the ball.
12. FLAPS - Raise to 20º.
13. PITCH - Pitch smoothly to set climb attitude.
14. FLAPS - Establishing a positive rate of climb, retract remaining flaps, level off at the next 500’ increment and transition back to 90 KIAS.

Question 10

Power On Stall

Answer 10

Enter with airspeed 90 KIAS or less on a numbered heading:
1. CLEAR - Clearing turns executed as required.
2. CARB HEAT - ON.
3. POWER - 1000 RPM.
4. AIRSPEED - Slow to 65 KIAS.
5. POWER - Smoothly advance power to above 2000 RPM.
6. CARB HEAT - Off.
7. PITCH - Raise the nose 15-20º.
At stall warning horn, buffet, or loss of controllability, simultaneously:
8. RELAX - Relax back pressure.
9. MAX - Smoothly advance power to full throttle.
10. LEVEL - Level wings (primarily use ailerons).
11. BALL - Apply rudder to center ball.
As aircraft recovers:
12. PITCH - Pitch smoothly for climb attitude, level off at the next 500’ increment and transition to 90 KIAS.

Question 11

Downwind

Answer 11

1. AIRSPEED - 85 KIAS.
2. ALTITUDE - 1000’ AGL.
3. SPACING - Spacing from the runway is half way up the wing strut.
4. CHECKLIST - Execute before landing checklist.
5. MAINTAIN - Maintain ground track. Crab as required to parallel the runway.

Question 12

Transition Procedure (4T’s)

Answer 12

1. TRANSITION
   a. CARB HEAT - On
   b. POWER - Reduce power to 1000 RPM or idle if necessary.
   c. FLAPS - 20 Degrees (When in white arc).
   d. ATTITUDE - Adjust pitch for 70 KIAS
2. TRIM - Trim for a hands off descent of a pitch attitude for 70 KIAS.
3. TURN - 1200-15 ft past the runway threshold (180º position) turn towards the 90º position (15º AOB).
4. TALK - Announce turn to Base leg at non-towered fields

At a towered field, expect tower to clear you for landing before the Abeam position, which will take care of the fourth “T.”

Question 13

At the 90º Position (BASE LEG)

Answer 13

1. ALTITUDE - Check altitude ~500º AGL.
2. AIRSPEED - Check airspeed 70KIAS.
3. POWER - Adjust power to correct descent rate/altitude to intercept a 3º glidepath.
4. CLEAR - Visually clear final approach leg.
5. TURN - Adjust AOB as needed to intercept the extended runway centerline

Question 14

FINAL APPROACH
NOTE: THIS PROCEDURE IS EXECUTED IMMEDIATELY AFTER ROLLING
WINGS LEVEL ON FINAL.

Answer 14

1. CENTERLINE - Intercept extended runway centerline.
2. GLIDEPATH - Adjust sight picture to ensure Groove parameters.
3. VERIFY - Checklist and landing clearance, announce “Landing Checks Complete, Cleared to Land.”
4. ADJUST - Continually:
   a. Pitch for airspeed.
   b. Power for glidepath.
   c. Alignment to runway centerline.
5. HEELS - Heels on floorboards
6. FLARE - Establish a nose up attitude to ensure main wheels touch first.

Question 15

NORMAL FLARE

NOTE: THE TRANSITION FROM THE ROUNDOUT TO THE FLARE TO
TOUCHDOWN IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS.

Answer 15

At 10-15 ft above the runway:

1. LOOK - Look to the far end of the runway in order to better sense aircraft sink rate.
2. POWER - Smoothly and steadily reduce power to idle, if not already set.
3. ATTITUDE - Increase pitch to smoothly transition to level-off 3 to 5 ft above the runway.
4. CENTERLINE - Maintain.
   a. Rudder to align nose with runway.
   b. Ailerons to stop drift.
   As the aircraft begins to settle to the runway:
5. ATTITUDE - Adjust pitch smoothly to place the top of the cowling on the distant horizon (flare) and keep it there.
   After touchdown
6. BRAKES - As required to gradually slow the aircraft in a safe and controlled manner.

Question 16

Touch and Go Landing

Answer 16

After touchdown
1. RUDDER - Maintain runway centerline with rudder, not brakes.
2. AILERON - Into crosswind as required.
3. FLAPS - Up.
4. CARB HEAT - Off.
5. POWER - Smoothly apply full power.
6. TAKEOFF - Execute normal takeoff procedures.
7. CROSSWIND - Execute crosswind turn 400’ AGL (with interval and clearance as required).

Question 17

Waveoff

Answer 17

1. POWER - Smoothly apply max power.
2. CARB HEAT - Off.
3. ATTITUDE - Increase pitch to nose slightly above the horizon.
4. FLAPS - While ensuring a positive rate of climb, retract flaps incrementally.
5. ATTITUDE - Pitch for Vy.

Question 18

Crosswind Landing

Answer 18

1. WING DOWN - Use aileron / angle of bank into the wind to counter drift.
2. TOP RUDDER - Use rudder to maintain nose pointed straight down runway.

Question 19

Level Turn

Answer 19

1. CLEAR - Scan for traffic and clear the area in the direction of turn.
2. SELECT - Select a reference point on the horizon to which to turn.
3. COORDINATE - Use coordinated aileron and rudder to roll to the desired AOB.
4. PITCH - Increase elevator back pressure as required to maintain level flight.
5. POWER - Adjust power as required to maintain airspeed.
6. ROLL - Use coordinated aileron and rudder during rollout. Lead by 1/3 the AOB.