PROD331 Flashcards by Nilay Rama

Difference between organic and inorganic pigments

Organic are brighter/more intense

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How is lake pigment made

Absorbing water soluble dye onto insoluble substrate

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How is toner made

Precipitating soluble dye

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What are true pigments

Pigments that are insoluble based on their structure

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Name the 2 types of photoreceptors in the retina

Cones and Rods

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How is human vision made trichromatic?

3 different types of cones and rods

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Roughly how many colours can humans distinguish

~10million

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How is additive colour made?

Mixing light

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How is subtractive colour made?

Mixing materials

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What are 3 functions of lips

Food intake
Articulation
Tactile Organ

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What are the 4 components of the lip

Epidermis
Hair
Sweat Gland
Sebaceuous Gland

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What causes dry / cracked lips

Low natural emollient production
Lips contain less water/lose water faster

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What makes lips heal fast

Rapid cell turnover of the vermillion border

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What are 4 typical ingredients in lip products

Waxes/Oil
Colour additive
Antioxidants
Preservatives
Fragrance/Flavour

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What are 4 functions of eyelids

Protect from injury
Blinking
Regulate tear flow
Distribute tear film

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What are 2 functions of eyelashes

Keep debris out
Signal eye when to blink

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What is main function of eyeshadow

Add depth/dimension to eyes

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What are 3 main ingredients in mascara

Waxes
Pigments
Emulsifier

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What is the wavelength of UV light

100nm-400nm

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What is the wavelength and name of UVA light

Ageing - 400-315nm

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What is the wavelength and name of UVB light

Burn - 315-280nm

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What is the wavelength and name of UVC light

Cancer - 280-100nm

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What are 3 uses of UV light

Sterilization
Security Scan
Skincare

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What process produces melanin and what does it involve

Melanogenisis - Polymerisation of tyrosine

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What is a function of melanin

Protects skin from UV radiation

What percentage of melanoma occurs in people over 50

70%

What is the definition of SPF

Sun Protection Factor: How much solar radiation is required to produce redness on protected vs unprotected skin

What is the definition of MED

Minimal Erythemal Dose: minimum energy required to produce the first visible redness

What is a pitfall of SPF

Only measures UVB protection Related to amount of sun exposure, not time exposed to sun

How does UVA affect the skin

Oxidises existing melanin

How does UVB affect the skin

Causes inflammation and releases new melanin (meaning DNA damage has occurred)

What is the PA system

System to grade UVA protection

What is PPD system

System to grade persistent pigment darkening

What are primary suncreens for

Just to provide photoprotection

What are secondary suncreens for

Photoprotection and Cosmetic such as foundation or makeup

What is a maximum allowable SPF value

50+

How to chemical UV filters work

Absorb UV energy -> Return to ground state -> Release as heat

How to physical UV filters work

Scatter light depending on their refractive index (Ideally 250nm)

What are 2 examples of organic UV agents and how they work

Avobenzones, Oxybenzones Absorb specific UV wavelength

What are 2 examples of Inorganic UV agents and how they work

Zinc Oxide, TiO2 Absorb and scatter UV radiation

What percentage of solids are bulk transported

70%

What are 3 issues with bulk transport of solids

Poor/Excess flowability Abrasive Corrosive Explosive Phase separation

What is an excellent angle of repose

<25*

What is a fair angle of repose

<31*<40*

What is a poor angle of repose

<56*<65*

What are 5 parameters for powder flow

Consolidation Aeration Humidity Level Extent of Shear/Strain Equipment/Surface Properties

What are 3 reasons to granulate

Improve flowability More accurate dosages Reduced dust loss Improve appearance Prevent lumps/caking

What are 2 types of dry granulation

Roller compaction Slugging

In what cases would dry granulation be better

If API is temperature/moisture sensitive

What is the main binding force in roller compaction

Van der waals forces

What are 2 types of wet granulation

Fluidized bed granulation High shear mixing

What are 2 advantages of tablet dosage

Convenient Inexpensive

What parts are tablets rolled through

Tabletting punch and die

How is tablet compression pressure calculated

P = F/A

What are 3 types of tablet

Plain Coated Matrix (Non-Swelling)

What are 3 reasons to coat tablets

Mask Taste Increase Stability Ease Handling

What are 3 common issues with tablet formulations

Chipping Cracking Capping

What are 3 common tests performed on tablets

Uniformity of weight Uniformity of contents/APi Dissolution

What are capsules typically made of and how is this made

Gelatin - Hydrolysed collagen

What are 3 advantages of capsules

No taste/smell Elegant Easy to mass produce

What are 2 disadvantages of capsules

Bad for small kids Unstable when wet

What are 4 types of capsule formulations

Ordiodispersible Chewable Lozenges Buccal

What are two uses of good bacteria

Cleaning water Making medicine Making cheese

What does CFU stand for and measure

Colony forming unit Estimates the number of viable bacteria

What are 2 common preservative types

Phenoxyethanol Parabens

What are 3 features of optimal preservatives

Broad spectrum Water soluble Compatible with other ingredients

What are 5 steps of GMP

Location Machinery Processing Sanitary Personnel

What 5 things does GLP ensure in drugs

Uniformity Consistency Reliability Reproducibility Quality Integrity

What are the 5 stages of a new drug

Discovery Non-clinical trial Clinical trial Approval Manufacture (~12 years)

What are 5 common issues with emulsion formulations

Phase inversion Creaming Sedimentation Coalescence Flocculation

What are 3 types of microscopic imaging

Dark Field Phase Contrast Electron Scan Tunnelling

What are 3 attachments of a microscope

Phase contrast Differential interference contrast (DIC) Polarized light microscopy

What are 3 examples of abiotic factors

Water Temperature Nutrients

What are 3 examples of biotic factors

Weeds Animal Pests Pathogens

What does the process of Nitrogen fixation do

Converts Nitrogen into biologically available form

What 3 things will we have to do to remain fed by 2050

Increase growing efficiency Shift diets Reduce waste

What are 4 types of agrochemical formulations

Wettable powders Emulsifiable concentrates Suspension concentrates Suspoemulsions

What are 4 examples of microorganisms

Bacteria Fungi Algae Archea Parasites

What are 3 considerations when formulating agrochemicals

Solubility of A.I Most agro A.I lipophilic Physical form of A.I

What are 2 advantages of controlled release systems

Reduce environmental pollution/toxicity Stabilise A.I Improve Dosage

PROD331 Flashcards

(80 cards)