General trends in technology evolution:
- physically smaller components fulfilling soma function
- same function less resources
- decrease in number of components, same function
- components becoming integrated
- more machines electro-mechanical
- more content of electronics and software
- electronics more integrated, embedded
- increased automation in products
- overall products become more complex
- multi-tech content
What overall steps are there in product realisation?
From need - requirements, development, manufacturing - finished product
Product development + production = product realisation
What mindset and attitude needed for PD?
- requires an explorative mindset
- need structure, right methods and tools
- need curiosity, courage, persistence, cope with uncertainty
How to be able to synthesise (compose/generate) and evaluate sustainable production concepts?
- Formulate strategies towards increased resource-efficiency and circulation based on relevant theories, methods and tools
- Assess strategies towards increased resource efficiency
Where is there a need for appropriation in the design process/where can be done?
- processes (activities and their scheduling)
- methods (approaches for doing certain activities)
- methodology (a system of process and methods)
What different product dev. processes can be used:
- models that emphasise activities timing and duration, incl parallel activities
- models that emphasis the importance of the concept development phases, which set the potential for the final product
- models that emphasise itirations (to tackle open tasks)
- multi-disciplinary work and parallel activities
What different design methodologies are there?
- work proceeds from abstract to concrete
- continual focus on requirements and functions
- consideration of alternative solutions in sets
- decision-making based on evaluation against a wide range of criteria
Which are the 5 steps in methodology for concept development?
Formulate problem
Establish requirements
Identify functions
Generate solution proposals and synthesise concepts
Evaluate with respect to the requirements specification
- iteration (upprepning)
Describe Problem formulation in PD (concept development)
- depart from task statement
- does not state solution
- consider for problem:
- where and when problem relevant
- How it happens
- what are the challenges
Describe Requirements and requirements specifications for PD (concept development)
- requirements express: target, purpose, needs, constraints, properties, requirements and desires
- role: direction, norm, specifications, knowledge, function
- Stakeholders: under requirements, legalities, internal req.
Describe functional analysis (concept development)
- expresses what a system does (or should do), without stating the solution
- identify functions: define, decompose, express functions, alternative system boundaries
Describe Idea generation and concept synthesis (concept development)
- use formulated functions to start idea generation
- propose many idea solutions
- express ideas in text and sketch
What can support creativity?
- search in literature
- look at competitors
- look at similar existing products
Describe Evaluation and the decision making (concept development)
- gradually source out inferior concepts
Design principles for opportunities (7 st):
- Mudilarization (opportunity for servitization, uppgrade, reuse, remanufacture)
- Function-sharing (opportunities for reducing numer of components)
- Light-weight design (saving material and energy consumption, optimization)
- Material selection (transmaterialization and dematerialization)
- Servitization (enable co-consumption, reduction in materials with service)
- System considerations (expansion of system boundary, for finding more resource efficient solution)
- Design for longlivety (avoiding resources being lost too early)
Explain Modularity (Design principle)
- integrated architecture
- complex interactions but allows for global optimization
- different functions to different modules
- opportunity for serviceability, upgrading, reuse, remanufacturor
Describe function charing (Design principle)
- simultaineous implementation of several functions by a single element
- reduced material quantity and reduced land surface exploitation
Describe Light-weight design (Design principle)
- reduction of a products weight is a strategy for directly reducing its resource consumption
+ reduced material quantity and energy efficiency
- often difficult to recycle and dep on tech can be a health hazard
Describe Material selection (Design principle)
- transmaterialization, dematerialization, elimination of certain content
+ change material consumption and reduce material quantity
- might have hidden increase of energy consumption
Describe Servitization (Design principle)
- enabler for co-consumption, reduction of material and chemicals
- Service and good integrated so costumers pay for the function or effect rather than the good, the use of product rather than the ownership
+ efficient use of product by sharing, effective use and remanufacturability leading to extended use
- possible trade-off on technical lifetime
Describe System consideration (Design principle)
- expand system boundaries to be able to find more resource efficient solutions
+ might reduce energy or material quantity, and use more efficiently
- difficult to utilize full potential
Describe Design for longevity (Design principle)
- optimal service life
- design for maintenance, upgrading, reuse and possible remanufacturing and clearly inform costumers
- select materials that can last
