Theory 2230 > Professional Nursing > Flashcards

Professional Nursing Flashcards

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1
Q

According to the ANA, what is nursing (major elements)?

A

Protection, promotion, and optimization of health/abilities; prevention of illness/injury; alleviation of suffering through diagnosis/treatment of human response; advocacy for individuals, families, communities, and populations.

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2
Q

How does the slide describe nursing’s “art and science” focus?

A

Protect/promote/optimize health and human functioning; prevent illness/injury; facilitate healing; alleviate suffering through compassionate presence.

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3
Q

What are core nursing responsibilities listed?

A

Carry out nursing role as in ANA Nursing’s Social Policy Statement; comply with the nurse practice act in the state of practice; comply with the Code of Ethics for Nurses (ANA and ICN).

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4
Q

What “other responsibilities” are listed for nursing?

A

Advocacy; promotion of human rights; research; education; participation in patient/health systems management; shaping health policy.

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5
Q

What are the nursing aims?

A

Promote health; prevent illness; alleviate suffering; restore health; facilitate coping with disability or death.

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6
Q

What are the nursing themes?

A

Caring; art; science; holistic; adaptive; advocacy.

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7
Q

What characteristics are listed for nursing as a profession?

A

Well-defined body of specific/unique knowledge; strong service orientation; recognizes authority/licensure; code of ethics; professional organizations set standards (ANA); ongoing research; autonomy & self-regulation.

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8
Q

What are key roles of the RN (from the slide)?

A

Perform physical exams & health histories to make critical decisions; administer meds & personalized interventions; address cultural/spiritual/emotional/physical needs; provide health promotion/counseling/education; coordinate care with other providers; advocate for patients/families/communities; commit to career-long learning.

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9
Q

Why is ethical nursing care important (per the slide)?

A

Nursing is accountable to society.

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10
Q

How has nursing identified standards of accountability (per the slide)?

A

Through formal codes of ethics.

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11
Q

What do formal codes of ethics explicitly state (per the slide)?

A

The profession’s values and goals.

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12
Q

What is the ethical principle of autonomy?

A

The right to determine one’s own actions; underlies informed consent, privacy, and confidentiality; requires decision-making capacity.

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13
Q

What is beneficence?

A

Doing what is best for the patient; promoting a “good” for persons; a goal of nursing and medicine.

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14
Q

What is non-maleficence?

A

Do no intentional or needless harm; includes professional competence, accountability, and advocacy; good result outweighs foreseeable harm.

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15
Q

What is justice?

A

Fair/equitable allocation of resources; patients in similar situations should have access to the same care.

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16
Q

What are “good” nursing actions NOT solely about?

A

Not solely about technical skills and expertise, but using knowledge, skills, and resources to address the patient’s needs.

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17
Q

How do “good” nursing actions differ from just following orders?

A

They involve using one’s own judgment about what the patient needs and what is necessary to meet those needs.

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18
Q

What understanding is required for “good” nursing actions?

A

An understanding of the patient in context.

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19
Q

How do “good” nursing actions involve teamwork?

A

By collaborating with others on behalf of the patient.

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20
Q

“Good” nursing actions are based on understanding what limits?

A

The purposes and boundaries of nursing practice.

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21
Q

“Good” nursing actions are designed to meet what?

A

Nursing aims or goals.

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22
Q

What nursing aim focuses on stopping disease before it starts?

A

Prevention of illness.

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23
Q

What nursing aim focuses on reducing pain or distress?

A

Alleviation of suffering.

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24
Q

What nursing aim focuses on maintaining and improving well-being?

A

Protection, promotion, and restoration of health.

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25
What does confidentiality acknowledge and respect?
Each person’s privacy.
26
How should privacy be handled during interviews and assessments?
Privacy must be maintained.
27
What kind of information should be documented?
Only prudent (necessary) information.
28
Why is using family members as interpreters a confidentiality issue?
It is a violation of confidentiality.
29
Why is using hospital personnel as interpreters also problematic?
It is a violation of confidentiality.
30
Does confidentiality apply to telehealth?
Yes, confidentiality must be maintained in telehealth.
31
What is veracity in nursing?
Truth telling.
32
Veracity is based on what ethical principle?
Autonomy (patient’s right to self-determination).
33
What is a key “veracity” rule for nurses?
Do not lie to your patient.
34
What information should nurses provide to support veracity?
All information related to procedures and diagnoses.
35
Besides telling the truth, what else does veracity include?
Advocate for the patient and communicate patient requests.
36
What are the 5 steps of the nursing process?
Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation.
37
In the nursing process, what does “Planning” involve?
Identification of interventions, goals and priorities, and outcomes.
38
In nursing process assessment, what are the main types of data?
Health interview & physical exam.
39
What is subjective data?
What the patient says; not directly measurable.
40
What is objective data?
Observed or measured by someone other than the patient.
41
What are two broad types of assessment?
Comprehensive vs focused assessment.
42
What is the purpose of the initial patient assessment?
Establish baseline and identify actual or potential problems.
43
In intensive care, how often is the patient assessed (minimum)?
Minimum every hour.
44
In intensive care, how often are vital signs taken?
Every 15 minutes to every 2 hours.
45
In acute care, how often should you see the patient?
Every hour.
46
In acute care, how often are vital signs taken?
Every 4 hours or more frequently.
47
In long-term care, how often are vital signs taken?
Once per shift to once per week.
48
Is a nursing diagnosis the same as a medical diagnosis?
No.
49
What is a nursing diagnosis?
A problem that can be diagnosed and treated by nurses (RN).
50
What is a medical diagnosis?
A problem that can be diagnosed by a provider (MD, PA, NP).
51
Example showing nursing vs medical diagnosis?
Ineffective Airway Clearance (nursing) vs Pneumonia (medical).
52
What organization is associated with standardized nursing diagnostic terminology?
NANDA International, Inc.
53
What is NANDA’s mission (in simple terms)?
Develop, refine, share, and use standardized nursing diagnosis terms to improve health care for all people.
54
What are the two categories of nursing diagnoses mentioned?
Actual and At Risk diagnoses.
55
What does a “Problem” (actual) nursing diagnosis describe?
A current health problem.
56
How many parts are in an actual (“Problem”) nursing diagnosis statement?
3 parts.
57
What are the 3 parts of an actual (“Problem”) nursing diagnosis?
Diagnostic label (problem) + supporting cause (etiology) + defining characteristics (symptoms).
58
What does “r/t” mean in a nursing diagnosis format?
Related to (what’s causing it).
59
What does “AEB” mean in a nursing diagnosis format?
As evidenced by (evidence of the problem).
60
General format for an actual nursing diagnosis?
Nursing diagnosis r/t cause AEB evidence.
61
What does an “At Risk” nursing diagnosis describe?
A potential problem the patient is at risk for developing.
62
How many parts are in an “At Risk” nursing diagnosis statement?
2 parts.
63
What are the 2 parts of an “At Risk” nursing diagnosis?
Diagnostic label + supporting cause of diagnosis.
64
General format for an “At Risk” nursing diagnosis?
Risk for (diagnosis) r/t what’s causing it.
65
What are the main tasks in the Nursing Process: Planning phase?
Set priorities; establish expected outcomes; establish short- and long-term goals; identify appropriate nursing interventions to achieve goals and outcomes.
66
In the Planning phase, what does it mean to set priorities?
Decide what needs attention first based on the patient’s most important/urgent needs.
67
In the Planning phase, what are expected outcomes?
The results you want to see in the patient after nursing interventions.
68
In the Planning phase, what’s the difference between short-term and long-term goals?
Short-term goals are achievable sooner; long-term goals take more time to accomplish.
69
During Planning, what is the nurse identifying when choosing nursing interventions?
The actions that will help achieve the patient’s goals and expected outcomes.
70
Give the example of a Planning goal from the slide.
“The patient will be able to perform basic ADLs independently by discharge.”
71
What does SMART stand for (Planning goals)?
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-based (Time Bound).
72
What does Specific mean in SMART goals?
Make your goal specific and narrow for more effective planning.
73
What does Measurable mean in SMART goals?
Make sure your goal and progress are measurable.
74
What does Achievable mean in SMART goals?
Make sure you can reasonably accomplish your goal within a certain time frame.
75
What does Relevant mean in SMART goals?
Your goal should align with your values and long-term objectives.
76
What does Time-based (Time Bound) mean in SMART goals?
Set a realistic but ambitious end date to clarify task prioritization and increase motivation.
77
What is the main focus of the Nursing Process: Implementation phase?
Carry out the plan of care.
78
During Implementation, what is the nurse allowed to do regarding delegation?
May delegate but assumes responsibility.
79
In Implementation, what should the nurse focus on?
Achieving goals and outcomes.
80
During Implementation, what type of assessment continues?
Ongoing assessment.
81
In Implementation, when should the plan of care be revised?
Revise the plan of care as needed.
82
What is the main purpose of the Nursing Process: Evaluation phase?
Evaluate the patient’s response to interventions and determine if goals/objectives were met.
83
In Evaluation, what does it mean if goals are met?
Resolved; no further nursing intervention needed; remove from plan of care.
84
In Evaluation, what does it mean if goals are partially met?
Patient is progressing toward the goal; consider whether interventions need reevaluation.
85
In Evaluation, what does it mean if goals are not met?
Ask why it’s not met; remove barriers if possible; adjust interventions.
86
What is critical thinking (per slide)?
Reasoned, reflective thinking with a philosophical approach.
87
What attitude does critical thinking require?
A spirit of inquiry (intellectual curiosity, questioning).
88
Critical thinking is based on what (not what)?
Facts and reasoning, not personal feelings.
89
In critical thinking, views should be supported with what?
Evidence.
90
Critical thinking includes the ability to differentiate among what?
Facts, opinions, and inferences.
91
Critical thinking includes the ability to distinguish what type of data?
Relevant data vs less important/trivial data.
92
Critical thinking involves what (per slide)?
Conceptualization.
93
What is clinical reasoning (per slide)?
The application of critical thinking to patients and patient care situations.
94
Clinical reasoning requires what kind of knowledge?
Scientific and technological knowledge.
95
What contributes to the development of clinical reasoning (per slide)?
Emotional engagement, perception, habits of thought, and skill acquisition.
96
Clinical reasoning leads to what outcome?
Arrive at a clinical judgment.
97
The nursing process is part of what (per slide)?
Clinical reasoning.
98
What is critical judgment (per slide)?
A key attribute of professional nursing; the process by which nurses make decisions.
99
Critical judgment uses what (per slide)?
Nursing knowledge, other knowledge, critical thinking, and clinical reasoning.
100
Critical judgment is used to do what in care delivery?
Understand and interpret information in the delivery of care.
101
Critical judgment is directly related to what?
Care outcomes.
102
What are the steps in the critical judgment process (per slide)?
Recognize cues → Analyze cues → Prioritize hypotheses → Generate solutions → Take action → Evaluate outcomes.
103
What is Interprofessional Collaborative Practice (per slide)?
Working with multiple health professions to deliver best practices ensuring best patient outcomes.
104
What is teamwork in interprofessional collaborative practice (per slide)?
Function effectively within nursing and interprofessional teams with open communication, mutual respect, and shared decision-making to achieve quality patient care.
105
What is Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) (per slide)?
Using valid and reliable research studies while considering health care settings, patient preference/values, and clinical judgment.
106
What does implementing EBP involve (per slide)?
Identifying and evaluating current literature/research findings and incorporating them into direct patient care to ensure high-quality care.
107
What are examples of EBP tools in practice (per slide)?
Bundles (CAUTI/Sepsis), clinical pathways (Post-Op Care Pathways), clinical decision support systems (medication alerts—drug interactions; monitoring alerts—sepsis risk trackers; order sets).
108
What does QSEN stand for?
Quality & Safety Education for Nurses.
109
What is patient-centered care in QSEN (per slide)?
Recognize the patient as the source of control and provide compassionate, coordinated care based on respect for patient preferences, values, and needs.
110
What are the QSEN competencies listed on the slide?
Patient-centered care; teamwork and collaboration; evidence-based practice; quality improvement; safety; informatics.
111
What is quality improvement in QSEN (per slide)?
Use data to monitor outcomes of care processes and use improvement methods to design/test changes to continuously improve the quality and safety of health care systems.
112
What is safety in QSEN (per slide)?
Minimize risk of harm to patients and providers through both system effectiveness and individual performance.
113
What is informatics in QSEN (per slide)?
Use information and technology to communicate, manage knowledge, mitigate error, and support decision making.
114
What is a National Patient Safety Goal (from the slide list): Identify patients correctly?
Identify patients correctly.
115
What is a National Patient Safety Goal (from the slide list): Improve staff communication?
Improve staff communication.
116
What is a National Patient Safety Goal (from the slide list): Use medicines safely?
Use medicines safely.
117
What is a National Patient Safety Goal (from the slide list): Use alarms safely?
Use alarms safely.
118
What is a National Patient Safety Goal (from the slide list): Prevent infection?
Prevent infection.
119
What is a National Patient Safety Goal (from the slide list): Identify patient safety risks?
Identify patient safety risks.
120
What is a National Patient Safety Goal (from the slide list): Improve health equity?
Improve health equity.
121
What is a National Patient Safety Goal (from the slide list): Prevent mistakes in surgery?
Prevent mistakes in surgery.
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