prokaryotes, Viral replication

Question 1

what does microvilli do?

Answer 1

it increases the surface are meaning more substances can absorb also it has mitochondria containing APT needed for active transport.

Question 2

what are the properties of prokaryotes

Answer 2

small (0.1-10 um)
no membrane bound organelles
70s ribosomes
food reserves stored as glycogen granules and lipid droplets
cell wall is made from murein
capsule protects the bacterium
flagellum allows motility

Question 3

What do prokaryotes contain?

Answer 3

cell wall, plasma membrane, capsule, nucleoid ( circular DNA ) , flagellum, plasmids, pili, riboosomes, cytoplasm

Question 4

what are pili useful for

Answer 4

conjugation
exchange of plasmids (DNA)
useful for exchanging resistance genes

Question 5

whats a polysaccharide

Answer 5

a polysaccharide is many sugars examples starch, glycogen, cellulose

Question 6

what are the properties of a virus

Answer 6

obligate intracellular parasites
- non living - cant reproduce without hijacking a host
- no cell membrane, cytoplasm or organelles so they cant be considered as cells
- compromised of genetic material encased in a protein capsid and possibly a phospholipid envelope

Question 7

What is the structure of enveloped viruses

Answer 7

• Genetic material ( DNA or RNA ) contained within a protein coat ( capsid )
• The combination of genetic material and capsid is called the nucleocapsid
• phospholipid envelope encloses the nucleocapsid
• it has attachment proteins to bind to target cells

Question 7

viruses can either contain DNA or RNA
what are the differences

Answer 7

DNA is usually double stranded RNA is single stranded
DNA contains deoxyribose sugar RNA contains ribose sugar
DNA contains the base thymine RNA contains the base uracil instead

Question 8

What are plasmids

Answer 8

Small circular pieces of DNA

Question 9

how does viral replication occur
what are the 2 different ways virus particles can be released

Answer 9

• the virus uses its attachment proteins to bind to complementary receptor proteins on the host cell
• The virus then injects its RNA into the host cell along with its enzymes
• reverse transcriptase changes the RNA into DNA and the enzyme intergrase inserts it into the host cell nucleus
• The host cell uses its nucleic acid and protein-building machinery (ribosomes) to produce new viral particles
• The viral particles are then released ( 2 ways ) creating disease
  . non enveloped virus = the host cell bursts releasing the all viral particles at once
  . enveloped = The viral particles leave individually through hosts membrane sometimes taking it with them called budding