Prosocial behaviour

Question 1

Types of prosocial behaviour

Answer 1

helping behaviour - expect something back
altruism - no gain

Question 2

How do children learn prosocial behaviour?

Answer 2

1. given instruction
2. using reinforcement - reward behaviour
3. exposure to models - must see the end result

Question 3

Latane & Darley’s cognitive model of helping

Answer 3

attend to what’s happening + define event as emergency + assume responsibility + decide what can be done –> give help

Question 4

Contributing factors to the bystander effect

Answer 4

diffusion of responsibility
audience inhibition - don’t want to seem like you’re overreacting
social influence
(additive - more factors, less % helping)

Question 5

Bystander calculus model

Answer 5

1. physiological process
2. labelling the arousal
3. evaluate consequences of helping

Question 6

Physiological process stage of the Bystander calculus model

Answer 6

empathetic response to someone in distress
more arousal = more chance of helping

Question 7

Labelling the arousal stage of the Bystander calculus model

Answer 7

label the arousal as an emotion

Question 8

Evaluating the cost of helping stage of the Bystander calculus model

Answer 8

time + effort + personal risk v. cost of not helping
low cost of helping + high cost of not helping = more likely to help

Question 9

Determinants of helping

Answer 9

personality
mood
competence
group membership
responsibility for misfortune

Question 10

From an evolutionary perspective, prosocial behaviour is best explained by:

Answer 10

Mechanisms that enhance inclusive fitness

Question 11

Reciprocal altruism predicts helping behaviour primarily when:

Answer 11

The helper expects future interaction

Question 12

Which critique applies to biological explanations of prosocial behaviour?

Answer 12

They risk reductionism by neglecting social context

Question 13

Pluralistic ignorance primarily affects which stage of the bystander model?

Answer 13

Interpreting the situation

Question 14

Which factor is best considered perceiver-centred in predicting helping?

Answer 14

The relationship between helper and recipient
The helper’s current mood

Question 15

Which norm is most relevant to decisions to help strangers?

Answer 15

Norm of social responsibility

Question 16

Pluralistic ignorance

Answer 16

individuals privately reject a norm or belief but mistakenly think most others accept it, leading them to conform publicly to a norm they disagree with

Question 17

Which definition best captures prosocial behaviour as used in social psychology?

Answer 17

Behaviour intended to benefit another, even if it involves personal cost

Question 18

Which evolutionary explanation best accounts for helping behaviour toward non-kin in repeated interactions?

Answer 18

Reciprocal altruism

Question 19

Which recipient-centred factor is most consistently associated with increased helping?

Answer 19

physical attractiveness
clear expression of need

Question 20

Receiving help can sometimes reduce recipients’ wellbeing because it:

Answer 20

Signals incompetence