Protein

Question 1

Function of PRO

Answer 1

maintenance and regulation of bodily functions, growth, repair, and response to injury, can be converted to glucose or fat or burned as a last-resort energy source

Question 2

Amino acids are precursors of …

Answer 2

proteins, neurotransmitters, nucleotides, melanin, thyroid hormone, histamine, peptides

Question 3

Roles of PRO in blood:

1. ___ PRO: transport nutrients, function in clotting, pH buffering, regulation of fluid balance
2. Red blood cells: ___ transports O2
3. ___ blood cells: antibodies

Answer 3

plasma
hemoglobin
white

Question 4

Tissue PRO

Answer 4

enzymes, structural, membrane receptors/carriers

Question 5

Secretory PRO

Answer 5

digestive enzymes, human milk PRO, hormones, growth factor, apolipoproteins

Question 6

How do PRO become amino acids?

Answer 6

they are denatured or the bond between them is cleaved by an enzyme

Question 7

How can nutrition be used to treat some single-gene disorders?

Answer 7

by providing the necessary a.a. from dietary PRO

Question 8

Nutritional genomics

Answer 8

examines interactions of genes and nutrients

Question 9

Nutrigenics

Answer 9

examines how genes influence nutrients

Question 10

nutrigenomics

Answer 10

examines how nutrients influence genes

Question 11

Nutrient regulation of gene expression:

1. nutrients and ___ can interact directly with genetic ___ that turn genes on or off, ___ or ___ gene expression (can also be indirectly via ___ products)
2. ___ or ___ a gene leads to increase or decrease in synthesis of specific ___
3. this affects a persons ___

Answer 11

phytochemicals/signals
activating/silencing
metabolism
activation/silencing
PRO
health

Question 12

Nitrogen balance =

Answer 12

N intake - fecal N - urinary N

Question 13

___ N balance: healthy for adults

positive: normal for ___
negative: signals a problem or dietary ___

Answer 13

zero
growth
deficiency

Question 14

Deamination produces ___ and ___ acid. ___ is the process of the body making nonessential ___ from keto acids. Since ___ is toxic, it is combined with CO2 in the liver to make ___ which is excreted

Answer 14

ammonia/keto/transamination
a.a.
ammonia
urea

Question 15

Kidney function:

1. blood flows into the ___, some fluid and nutrients are absorbed
2. fluid and substances ___ by the body are ___ via vessels in the tubule
3. Tubule passes waste to the ___ to be excreted

Answer 15

glomerulus

needed/absorbed

bladder

Question 16

PRO RDA:
AMDR:
Who needs above the RDA?

Answer 16

0.8g/kg/day (56g/day) for adults
10-35% of energy
those growing, athletes

Question 17

sarcopenia

Answer 17

too little PRO

Question 18

Excess PRO issues:

Answer 18

if consumption>rate of excretion:
N is excreted as urea (causes kidney and liver problems), carbon skeleton is converted to glucose or fat which causes weight gain, some a.a. are toxic if consumed in too high doses, risk of osteoporosis

Question 19

Limiting amino acid

Answer 19

present in the lost amount relative to the body’s need

Question 20

what happens to excess amino acids?

Answer 20

they are degraded

Question 21

Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score

Answer 21

DIAAS: assesses PRO quality, exposed as % dietary requirement (considering ideal digestibility) for each a.a.

Question 22

vegans/vegetarians should focus on ___ PRO

Answer 22

complementary