Microbiology > protozoa > Flashcards

protozoa Flashcards

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1
Q

Parasites are divided to

A
  1. Protozoa

2. Helminthes

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2
Q

Helminthes are divided to

A
  1. Nematodes (roundworms)
  2. Cestodes (tapeworms)
  3. Trematodes (flukes)
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3
Q

Protozoa infections are divided to

A
  1. GI infections
  2. CNS infections
  3. Hematologic infections
  4. other infections (visceral infections and STD)
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4
Q

Protozoa GI infections - bugs and diseases

A
  1. Giardia lamblia - giardiasis
  2. Entamoeba histolytica - amebiasis
  3. Cryptosporidium - diarrhea
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5
Q

Giardia lamblia - disease and symptoms

A

Giardiasis: 1. bloating 2. flatulence

3. foul smelling, fatty diarrhea

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6
Q

Giardiasis is often seen in

A

campers/hikers

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7
Q

Giardia lamblia - transmission

A

cysts in water

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8
Q

Giardia lamblia - diagnosis

A

multinucleated trophozoites or cysts in stool

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9
Q

trophozoite?

A

a growing stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host. (pathogenic state)

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10
Q

Giardiasis - treatment

A

metronidazole

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11
Q

Entamoeba histolytica - disease and symptoms

A

Amebasis: 1. bloody diarrhea (dysentery)

  1. liver abscess (anchovy paste exudate)
  2. RUG pain
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12
Q

amebiasis - gross appearance

A

flask-shaped ulcer in colon

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13
Q

Entamoeba histolytica - rout from colon to liver abscess

A

invades through the intestinal wall to enter to the bloodstream

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14
Q

anchovy paste exudate

A

Amoebic abscesses of the liver produce brownish pus, which is described as looking like “anchovy paste”

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15
Q

Entamoeba histolytica - transmission

A

cysts in water

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16
Q

Entamoeba histolytica infection - diagnosis

A
  • serology and/or
  • trophozoites with RBCs in the cytoplasm
    or cysts with up to 4 nuclei in stool
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17
Q

Entamoeba histolytica infection - treatment

A
  1. metronidazole

2. iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers

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18
Q

Cryptosporidium - disease and symptoms

A 
severe nonbloody diarrhea in AIDS
Mild disease (watery diarrhea) in immunocompoment
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19
Q

Cryptosporidium - transmission

A

oocysts in water

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20
Q

Cryptosporidium - diagnosis

A

oocysts on acid-fast stain

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21
Q

Cryptosporidium - treatment/prevention

A

prevention by filtering city water supplies
notazoxamide in immunocompetent hosts
no clear treatment for AIDS patient

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22
Q

Protozoa - CNS infection - bugs and diseases

A

Toxoplasma gondi - toxoplasmosis
Naegleria fowleri - rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
Trypanosoma brucei - African sleeping disease

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23
Q

Toxoplasma gondi infection and symptoms

A
  1. Congenital toxoplasmosis –> classic triad of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcification
  2. reactivation in aids –> brain abscess
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24
Q

Toxoplasma gondi transmission

A

cysts in undercooked meat (MC)
oocysts in cat feces
crosses placenta

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25
Toxoplasma gondi - pregnant women should
avoid cats
26
Toxoplasma gondi - diagnosis
serology biopsy (tachyzoite) CT/MIR ring-enhancing lesion
27
Toxoplasma gondi in AIDS - CT/MIR
ring-enhancing lesion
28
Toxoplasma gondi infection - treatment
sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine
29
Trypanosoma brucei - subspecies
1. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense | 2. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
30
Trypanosoma brucei - disease and symptoms
African sleeping disease: 1. enlarged lymph nodes | 2. recurring fever 3. somnolence 4. Coma
31
Mechanism of recurring fever in African sleeping disease
antigenic variation
32
African sleeping disease - transmission
Tsetse fly, a painful bit
33
African sleeping disease - diagnosis
Trypomastigote in blood smear
34
African sleeping disease - treatment
suramin for blood-borne disease | melarsoprol for CNS penetration
35
Naegleria fowleri - disease and symptoms
rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
36
Naegleria fowleri - transmission
swiming in freshwater lakes --> enters via cribriform plate
37
Naegleria fowleri - diagnosis
amoebas in spinal fluid
38
Naegleria fowleri - treatment
amphotericin B has been effective for a few survivors
39
Protozoan hematologic infections - bugs and diseases
1. Plasmodium --> Malaria | 2. Babesia --> Babesiosis
40
Protozoan hematologic infections - Babesia - disease and symptoms
Babesiosis --> fever and hemolytic anemias | high risk of severe disease with asplenia
41
Babesios - area (map)
northeastern US
42
Babesios - high risk in
asplenia
43
Babesios - tranmission
ixodes tick
44
Babesiosis - treatment
Atovaquone + azithromycin
45
Babesios - diagnosis
1. Blood smear: ring form and Maltese cross | 2. PCR
46
Plasmodium - bugs
P. vivax P. oval P. falciparum P. malariae
47
Malaria - general symptoms
1. fever 2. headache 3. anemia 4. splenomegaly
48
Malaria - fever according to bug
P. vivax/ovale --> 48hr cycle (tertian: fever on first day and third day, thus fever are actually 48hr apart) P. falciparum --> severe. irregular fever pattern P. malariae --> 72 hr cycle (quartan)
49
malaria is AKA
blackwater fever
50
other complications of malaria, beside general symptoms
occlude capillaries in brain (cerebral malaria), kidney, lung (esp with P. Falciparum)
51
Malaria - transmission
anopheles mosquito (sporozoites)
52
Briefly describe the life cycle of plasmodia parasite
sporozoites in mosquito salive enter into human blood --> sporozoites enter liver cells and multiply and differentiate --> Merozoites are release from liver cells and enter RBCs --> Multiplication and differentiation into trophozoites and gamezytes within RBCs --> RBCs rupture releasing moro trophozoites, merozoites and gametocytes --> mosquito picks up male and female gametocytes when ingesting human blood
53
Malaria - relapse vs recrudescence
Relapse occurs in P. vivax and P. ovale infection ressults from hypnozoites --> reactivation of hypnozoites in liver Recrudescence occurs in P. malariae and P. falciparum infections and results from incomplete eradication of the parasites
54
Malaria - diagnosis
1. Blood smear: trophozoites ring within RBCs, schizont containing merozoites 2. Red granules (Schuffner stippling) through RBC cytoplasm seen with P. vivax/ovale
55
Schuffner stippling
Red granules through RBC cytoplasm seen with P. vivax/ovale
56
Malaria - treatment for every situation
1. Chloroquine (for sensitive species) 2. Mefloquine or atovaquone/proquanil (for resistant) 3. IV quinidine or artesunate (If life threatening) --> test for G6PD 4. P. vivax/ovale add primaquine for hypnozoite --> test for G6PD
57
antimalaria drugs --> test for G6PD with which drugs
1. quinidine 2. artesunate 3. primaquine
58
Protozoa visceral infections - bugs and disease
1. Trypanosoma cruzi --> Chagas disease | 2. Leishmania donovani --> Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), cutaneous leismaniasis
59
Leishmania donovani - disease and symptoms / aka
``` A. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar): 1. spiking fevers 2. hepatosplenomegaly 3. pancytopenia B. cutaneous leismaniasis: 1. Skin ulcers ```
60
Leishmania donovani - transmission
sandfly
61
Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) - diagnosis
macrphages contating amastigotes
62
Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) - treatment
amphotericin B | sodium stibogluconate
63
Trypanosoma cruzi - disease and symptoms
Chagas disease: 1. dialted cardiomyopathy with apical atrophy 2. megalcolon 3. megaesophagus
64
Trypanosoma cruzi - disease / map
Chagas disease | SOUTH AMERICA
65
Chagas disease sign
ROMANA SIGN: unilateral periorbital swelling --> characteristic of acute stage
66
Trypanosoma cruzi - Transmission
Reduviid bug (kissing bug) feces, deposited in a painless bite
67
Trypanosoma cruzi - diagnosis
Trypomastigote in blood smear
68
Trypanosoma cruzi -treatment
Benzidazole or nifurtimox
69
Protozoa sexual transmitted infections - bugs and disease
Trichomonas vaginalis --> vaginitis
70
Trichomonas vaginalis - disease and symptoms
vaginitis: | foul-smelling, greenish discharge, itching and burning
71
bacterial vaginosis vs protozoal vaginitis according to symptoms
vaginitis: foul-smelling, greenish discharge, itching and burning Bcterial vaginosis: gray vaginal discharge with fishy smell, nonpainful
72
Trichomonas vaginalis - transmission
sexual
73
Trichomonas vaginalis - outside human form
cannot exits outside human because it cannot form cysts
74
Trichomonas vaginalis - diagnosis
trophozoites (motile) on wet mount | strawberry cervix
75
Trichomonas vaginalis - treatment
Metronidazole for patient and partner (prophylaxis)
76
treatment for all protozoal infections (except malaria)
Giardiasis --> Metronidazole amebiasis --> metronidazole, iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers cryptosporidium --> prevention by filtering city water supplies, nitazoxanide in immunocompetent, no clear treatment for aids Toxoplasma gondi --> Sulfadiazine+pyrimethamine Naegleria fowleri --> Amphotericin B Trypanosoma brucei --> Suramin for blood-borne disease or melarsoprol for CNS penetration Babesia --> atovaquone + azithromycin Tripanosoma cruzi --> Benzidazole or nifurtimox Leishmania donovavi --> amphotericin sodium stibogluconate trichomonas vaginalis --> Metronidazole for patient and partner (prophylaxis)
77
Malaria - treatment for every situation
1. Chloroquine (for sensitive species) 2. Mefloquine or atovaquone/proquanil (for resistant) 3. IV quinidine or artesunate (If life threatening) --> test for G6PD 4. P. vivax/ovale add primaquine for hypnozoite --> test for G6PD
78
protozoa infection in asplenia
Babesia
79
Chloroquine - mechanism of action
Blocks detoxification of heme into hemozoin --> Heme accumulates and is toxic to plasmodia (block polymerase)
80
Chloroquine - clinical use
plasmodium species other than P. falciparum (resistance)
81
Chloroquine - P. falciparum (why)
resistance -->membrane pump that decreases intracellular concentration in drugs
82
P. falciparum - treatment
artemether/lumefantrine or atovaquone/proquanil
83
Chloroquine - toxicity
1. Retinopathy | 2. Pruritus (esp in dark-skinned individuals)
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