psyb57 chapter 10

Question 1

An arbitrary symbol system in which the symbols don’t resemble their real-world referent.

Answer 1

abstract code

Question 2

A way to store information that resembles the physical stimulus being represented.

Answer 2

analog code

Question 3

Mental imagery for auditory information.

Answer 3

auditory imagery

Question 4

An effect in which memory is better for concrete words than abstract words.

Answer 4

concreteness effect

Question 5

A condition experienced by about 1%–3% of the population in which an individual is completely unable to form mental images in the absence of any brain injury.

Answer 5

congenital aphantasia

Question 6

Subtle cues in experimental tasks or instructions that may bias participants’ behavior.

Answer 6

demand characteristics

Question 7

A type of analog code that maintains the perceptual and spatial characteristics of physical objects.

Answer 7

depictive representation

Question 8

A symbolic code used to represent knowledge that is abstract and does not resemble a stimulus in the real world.

Answer 8

descriptive representation

Question 9

A theory about knowledge representation that proposes knowledge can be stored as an abstract verbal code or an analog imagery-based code.

Answer 9

dual coding theory

Question 10

A by-product that arises from a process but does not have a causal effect on that process.

Answer 10

epiphenomenon

Question 11

An effect in which an experimenter may unconsciously communicate to participants their expectations about what they expect the results to be, and in turn, causing the participant to unconsciously behave according to the experimenter’s expectations.

Answer 11

experimenter expectancy effect

Question 12

A key principle in science in which theories are tested in order to prove they are false, instead of searching for evidence to confirm a hypothesis.

Answer 12

falsification

Question 13

Artificial neural nets that are put in competition with each other in which one network tries to generate images and the other tries to pick out the artificially generated images from real images. This technique has been very successful in generating novel images.

Answer 13

general adversarial networks

Question 14

A condition of having extremely vivid mental imagery, often associated with very high autobiographical memory.

Answer 14

hyperphantasia

Question 15

A theoretical debate among cognitive psychologists about whether images are stored as pictures in our minds or as propositions.

Answer 15

imagery debate

Question 16

A technique used to treat anxiety and depression in which patients are guided through memories of past negative or traumatic experiences and instructed to imagine their younger selves acting in a way they wish they could have during the event.

Answer 16

imagery rescripting

Question 17

The experience of mentally creating a perceptual experience in the absence of a physical stimulus.

Answer 17

mental imagery

Question 18

An experimental technique in which participants are asked to scan their mental images while response time is measured.

Answer 18

mental scanning

Question 19

A perceptual experience that occurs after exposure to motion in one direction in which a static scene appears to move in the opposite direction of the previously viewed motion.

Answer 19

motion aftereffect

Question 20

A statistical technique in which computers search for patterns in brain activity that distinguish what information a person is processing. Those patterns can then be used to predict what a person is perceiving or thinking. Often referred to as “mind reading.”

Answer 20

multivoxel pattern analysis.

Question 21

The ability to mentally process information about the appearance of objects, including information about shape, color, and texture.

Answer 21

object imagery

Question 22

Mental imagery for odors.

Answer 22

olfactory imagery

Question 23

A word that resembles the sound of the item it is referring to, for example, “quack” or “boom.”

Answer 23

onomatopoeia

Question 24

A performance-based objective test of visual imagery in which a participant is asked to mentally unfold a piece of paper with a hole in it to determine where the holes would be located in the unfolded paper.

Answer 24

paper folding test

Question 25

A brain region located in the inferior temporal lobe that responds preferentially scenes of places and buildings.

Answer 25

parahippocampal place area

Question 26

An effect in which memory is better for pictures than for words.

Answer 26

picture superiority effect

Question 27

An idea unit that can be verified as true or false.

Answer 27

proposition

Question 28

The ability to mentally process information about the spatial relation of objects, their parts, and their locations. This includes the ability to mentally manipulate and transform objects.

Answer 28

spatial ability

Question 29

Mental imagery for somatosensory information.

Answer 29

tactile imagery

Question 30

A self-report questionnaire designed to measure the vividness of a person's visual imagery.

Answer 30

vividness of visual imagery questionnaire