Psychological problems

Question 1

What is the ICD-11 and what is it used to identify?

Answer 1

The international classification of diseases 11th edition is used to classify many different diseases from mental to measles

Question 2

Give 10 symptoms of unipolar depression

Answer 2

Low mood
Loss of interest and pleasure
reduced energy levels
changes in sleep patterns
chanfes in appetite levels
decrease in self confidence
reduced concentration and attention
feeling guilty and unworthy
bleak and pessimistic view of the future
ideas of self harm and suicide

Question 3

What are the 3 main symptoms of unipolar depression

Answer 3

Low mood, reduced energy levels, lack of motivation to do things

Question 4

How many symptoms do you need for a diagnosis of unipolar depression?

Answer 4

1 main symptoms and 1 other symptoms (or 4 symptoms) most of the time for at least 2 weeks

Question 5

What is the difference between bipolar and unipolar depression

Answer 5

Bipolar depression is when one has extreme highs (mania) and lows (depression).
Unipolar is just depression. There is also unipolar mania but it’s not on the specification.

Question 6

Give the diagnosis amount of symptoms for mild, moderate and severe unipolar depression

Answer 6

Mild: 4 symptoms displayed and the patient will be able to carry on with daily activities

Moderate: 5-6 symptoms displayed and the patient may have serious problems doing day to day activities such as going to school

Severe: 7+ symptoms and general feelings of worthlessness. The patient may have suicidal thoughts or engage in self harm to cope with their feelings

Question 7

What is the difference between a feature and a symptoms

Answer 7

Symptom: things that appear in patients
Feature: statistics

Question 8

Give some features of depression

Answer 8

1. The world health organisatio nsays that 1 in 15 people experience severe depression in any given year
2. depression affects twice as many females as males
3. 5.7% of adults suffer from depression
4. more than 10% of pregnant and pospartum women experience depression
5. Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in 15-29 year olds
6. In high income countries, only 1/3 of patients recieve adequate care

Question 9

Suggest why some features of depression may be inaccurate

Answer 9

False reporting or just different proportions of people reporting their depression. Men are more likely to keep quiet, which is why it may seem like less men have depression

Question 10

There has been a large increase in diagnosis of teens with depression. What could be the reason for this increase?

Answer 10

Social media usage where comparison, cyberbullying and (hateful) comments are there no matter where you go. A generally more stressful, uncertain life.

Question 11

Give some effects depression has on the individual vs society as a whole

Answer 11

Individual: increased risk of suicide, patients miss time from work and feel more worthless, cost of treatment if they pay for their own treatment, damage to relationships, difficulties coping with day to day life, negative impact on physical wellbeing

Society: patients miss time from work which reduces productivity and economic growth, cost of treatment when the government pays for it, the need for more social care, increased crime rates

Question 12

Explain the cognitive theory of depression

Answer 12

The cognitive theory states that behaviour can be explained by looking at how the brain processes information and therefore how we think. It basically says that faulty and irrational thinking causes depression, and the mindset determines the consequence

Question 13

What are the 3 things in Beck’s cognitive triad?

Answer 13

Negative views about oneself, the world and the future

Question 14

Give and explain the 3 stages of Ellis’ ABC model

Answer 14

Activating event - An event that reinforces a belief, usually negative eg. you fail an exam

Belief - the mindset caused or reinforced by the activating event eg. I’m stupid

Consequence - the result of the belief influencing the person’s actions eg. they fail again because they didn’t feel like revising would work

Question 15

What does CBT stand for?

Answer 15

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Question 16

What is the aim of respectively the cognitive and behavioural part of CBT

Answer 16

cognitive - changes the way one thinks
behavioural - changes the way one behaves

Question 17

What are the 4 steps of CBT

Answer 17

1. The patient talks about their symptoms, how they feel, what happened to cause them
2. They work through the thoughts and feelings and challenge irrational thoughts
3. The patient gets homework to write it down when a bad life event happens and practice challenging their thoughts
4. They update the therapist and go through next steps

Question 18

How often and for how long might you recieve CBT?

Answer 18

Once a week for about an hour for 3-4 months

Question 19

What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

Answer 19

Monozygotic twins - twins from the same sperm and egg. They share 100% of the same genes

Dizygotic twins - 2 seperate sperms that happened to be fertilised around the same time in the same womb. They share around 50% of the same genes, the same as any other siblings

Question 20

Fill in the blanks: A study by Peter McGuffin found that if one MZ twin became depressed there was a __% chance that the other twin would also develop _______. However, if a DZ twin became depressed, there was only a __% chance that the other twin would also develop depression. This shows that depression might be ____ because the mZ twins who share more _____ than the D twins were at greater risk of becoming depressed if one of them was diagnosed.

Answer 20

46%
Depression
20%
Genetic
Genes

Question 21

What is the diathesis stress model?

Answer 21

The diathesis stress model suggests than some people have more of a genetic predisposition to become depressed than others, but it must be triggered by a stressful life event

Question 22

Define:
1. Seretonin
2. Gene
3. Longitudinal Study

Answer 22

1. a neurotransmitter responsible for regulating mood. Low levels of this are associated with depression (could be a symptom or a cause)
2. A sequence of DNA that determines one’s characteristics. It is hereditary.
3. research involving repeated observations of the same variables or people over a long time (months to decades)

Question 23

Give the aim for Caspi

Answer 23

Aim: to find out why stressful life events seem to lead to depression in some people and not others. Also to investigate whether stressful life events were more likely to lead to depression in people with a certain variation of the 5HTT gene (a gene linked to the amount of seretonin available in the brain)

Question 24

Give the sample and percentages for Caspi

Answer 24

Sample: 847 members of the Dunedin (Scotland) multidisciplinary health and developement study, seperated based on what version of the 5HTT gene they had

Group 1 (2 copies of the short version): 17%
Group 2 (one short and one long): 51%
Group 3 (2 copies of the long version): 31%

Question 25

Give the procedure for Caspi

Answer 25

Each participant was given a life calender to note down stressful life events that happened between their 21st and 26th birthday. They were then given a questionnare asking about their symptoms of depression in the year before their 26th birthday

Question 26

Give the results (5) and conclusion for Caspi

Answer 26

Results: 1. people with 2 short versions of the 5HTT gene reported more depression symptoms in response to stressful life events than the other 2 groups 2. Anyone with even one short version was more likely to be diagnosed with depression 3. They were also more likely to develop suicidal thoughts after stressful life events 4. People with 2 short were more likely to experience severe depressive symptoms 5. 2 short were most likely to attempt suicide Conclusion: there is an interaction between life events and genetic influences in causing depression. Both nature and nurture work together to increase predisposition to depression.

Question 27

Why is self reporting unreliable?

Answer 27

People could omit details out of embarassment and people who have severe depression would be less likely to note it down. Additionally, individual perspectives on what consitutes a stressful event would differ from person to person. The people who reported depression may have been the only ones motivated enough to report it.

Question 28

Explain what SSRIs and SNRIs do

Answer 28

Selective seretonin reuptake inhibitors - this drug basically blocks the reuptake transporters on the pre synaptic neuron so that seretonin can't be reabsorbed, forcing more to be recieved by the receptor sites on the post synaptic neuron. Seretonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors do the same thing but also for noradrenaline

Question 29

Explain what tricyclics and MAOIs do

Answer 29

tricyclics are the oldest drugs used to treat depression. They complete basically the same function as SNRIs and SSRIs but in a different way. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from breaking down seretonin and noradrenaline in the synaptic cleft so there is more left to continue onto the post synaptic neuron

Question 30

What are the 2 types of addiction disorders?

Answer 30

Dependence disorders - an addiction related to the consumption of a substance (the person is dependent on it) ie. drugs, alcohol, smoking Behavioural disorder - the addiction to certain activities, routines or behaviours ie. gambling, shopping

Question 31

What is the definition of withdrawal

Answer 31

When one recieves unpleasant physical or psychological symptoms due to the sudden removal of an addiction source, either because they are unable or unwilling to satisfy the addiction

Question 32

How many symptoms and for how long must you have them to be diagnosed as an addict?

Answer 32

at least 3 symptoms at the same time for 1 month+ or for repeated occasions throughout a year

Question 33

Give the 6 symptoms of dependence addiction to substances according to the ICD-10

Answer 33

1. A feeling that one requires the substance 2. Stopping or reducing use of substance is very difficult 3. Physical withdrawal symptoms 4. Tolerance to the substance creating a bigger need for the same effect 5. Replacing normal, fun activities with time using or recovering from using said substance 6. Ignoring evidence that use of the substance is harmful to them

Question 34

Give 5 symptoms of behavioural addiction

Answer 34

1. They need to do the activity regularly 2. Reducing time spent on this activity is very difficult 3. They gradually have to do it more often to get the same "buzz" 4. They spend more time on the activity than other more productive ones 5. They ignore arguments that the activity is unhealthy or damaging

Question 35

Features of depression: In England in 2014-15 there were ______ adults being treated for addiction, mostly for drugs. The NHS estiamtes that ____ people in the UK are suffering from some kind of addiction. Around __% of the world's population have problematic internet usage, which could be categorised as addiction. A study showed that the country with the highest rate of internet addiction was the ______(___%) and the lowest was in ____________(__%). A UK study in ____ found that __% of 18-24 year olds admitted to using the internet for 15 hours a day.

Answer 35

141646 2 million 6 the Middle East (10.9%) Northern and Western Europe (2.6%) 2014 16%

Question 36

Give some effects of addiction on the individual and society

Answer 36

Individual: Damage to relationships, financial insecurity, Hygiene abandonment, Criminal behaviour, guilt Society: missing work/school for treatment or to satisy the addiction, treatment costs, lack of efficiency, crime rate increases

Question 37

There are 3 studies that support the view that addiction could be genetic. Explain them and give why it supports the theory.

Answer 37

Cadoret: an adoption study that found that adopted children were more vulnerable to alcohol misuse if they were biologically linked to someone who had a history of it. This shows that instead of the environment created by the adoptive parents, it's genes that predispose one to alcoholism. Carmelli: A twin study that found that if one identical twin became a smoker, the other one was more likely to become a smoker than if they were non identical twins. This shows that people were more inclined to have similar addictions the more genes they shared. Martinez: found that a group of heavy cocaine users were more likely to develop a particular version of a dopamine recepter gene, so there were fewer D2 receptors in people with this form of gene and therefore they had a lack of dopamine that could be replaced by the high of cocaine. This suggests that genetic variations can make some people more prone to developing cocaine addiction.

Question 38

Explain Clasical conditioning theory and about Pavlov's experiment

Answer 38

Behaviour is learned through association. Therefore, when 2 or more things happen at the same time, our brains associate one with the other eg. if you have been sick after eating a certain food then you won't want to eat that food again, and may feel sick even after seeing or smelling the food Pavlov Food (unconditioned stimulus) ---- salivation (unconditioned response) I Bell (Neutral stimulus) ---- No salivation (no response) I Bell followed by food ---- salivation I Bell (conditioned stimulus) ---- salivation (conditioned response)

Question 39

What is the UCS, UCR, NS, CS and CR using classical conditioning theory for drug addiction?

Answer 39

UCS: Friends/social group or a happy place UCR: happiness NS: Drugs CS: drugs associated with happiness (due to doing drugs with friends or at happy place) CR: doing drugs even without friends or happy place

Question 40

How could classical conditioning be an explanation for addiction relapse?

Answer 40

Someone has a happy place, and used to regularly smoke there. They may not have smoked in years, but after going back to the happy place, they may feel an urge to smoke due to association.

Question 41

Explain operant conditioning theory and then in the context of addiction

Answer 41

Behaviours are repeated when they lead to positive consequences (negative punishment or positive reinforcement) and are less likely to be repeated if they lead to a negative consequence (positive punishment or negative reinforcement). People might smoke to relieve stress or feel good. They may relapse because if they stop, they get withdrawal symptoms and they cannot feel good anymore.