Find the IV and DV: Participants were asked to organise or not organise a word list then the number of words they recalled was measures
IV: Asked to organise and not organise the word list
DV: the number of words recalled
Find the IV and DV: The experimenter counted the number of pictures recalled immediately vs after counting backwards in twos for 30 seconds
IV: Pictures recalled immediately or after counting backwards in twos for 30 seconds
DV: The number of pictures recalled
What is the difference between an alternative hypothesis and a null hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis: theorizing a measurable difference in DV depending on the IV
Null hypothesis: theorizing that there will be no difference in DV between IVs
Say an alternative and null hypothesis for the following aim: to see whether listening to music or not affects how well you will do on a memory test
Alternative hypothesis: People will get a higher score on a memory test when not listening to music than when they are listening to music.
Null hypothesis: There will be no difference in score on a memory test between listening to music and not listening to music
Say an alternative and null hypothesis for the following aim: to see whether having an audience watch you will help you score more goals in basketball
Alternative hypothesis: players who have an audience will score less goals than players who don’t have an audience
Null hypothesis: there will be no difference in goals scored between players who have an audience and players who don’t have an audience
Define:
IV
DV
EV
Independent variable: this or that, the thing the experimenter changes
Dependent variable: what is measured, the results
Extraneous variable: things that could affect the DV that is not the IV
Define (controlling EVs):
1. Standardised instructions
2. Standardised procedures
3. Randomisation
4. Single-blind techniques
5. Double-blind techniques
- Stops experimenters influencing the results by what they say by making what is told to the participants all the same
- When the tasks and methods are the same for all participants, reduces unconscious bias
- When the groups for each condition are allocated randomly so there is no bias in the groups that could affect the results
- When the participants don’t know anything about the study so there are no demand characteristics
- When both the participants and people doing the experiment don’t know the aims and procedures of the experiment so the researchers can’t subconsciously influence the participants
Define (experimental methods):
1. Laboratory experiments
2. Field experiments
3. Natural experiments
- experiments held in artificial settings where the IV is controlled by the experimenter with specific conditions
- experiments done in human’s natural habitat, where the IV is controlled by the experimenter
- experiments where the experimenter doesn’t control the IV. If this criteria is met, no matter where the experiment is, it is a natural experiment
Choose whether the following is a lab, field or natural experiment: testing to see which gender performs better on a memory test in a controlled environment
natural
Choose whether the following is a lab, field or natural experiment: a psychologist organised for a confederate to walk up to people in park and ask them to pick up litter. Sometimes the confederate wore a uniform other times they were in their own clothes. The psychologist counted how many people followed the order
Field
Choose whether the following is a lab, field or natural experiment: A psychologist measures how much sleep students get a night and how well they do on tests the next day
Field
Give the AO1, AO2 and AO3 for evaluation questions
- Point: tell the strength or weakness
- Elaborate: why is this so?
- Conclusion: what is the consequence; why is it a strength or weakness
Define (experimental designs):
1. Independent groups
2. Repeated measures
3. Matched pairs
4. Counterbalancing
5. Random allocation
1 . participants only take part in one condition
2. participants take part in all the different conditions
3. Where participants take part in only one condition but they are recruited specifically to be similar in relevant characteristics to the participants in the other condition(s)
4. When participants in a repeated measures are split up so half do condition A then condition B and the other half do condition B then condition A (ABBA)
5. Gets rid of group bias by randomly pulling names out of a hat for the groups
Define (sampling techniques):
1. Sample
2. Opportunity sampling
3. Random sampling
4. Volunteer sampling
5. Stratified sampling
- the group of people selected from your target population to do the experiment
- getting anyone who just so happens to be there to be a participants.
- randomly picking out names out of a hat of people in your target population
- getting participants through advertising the experiment and asking for people to sign up to be a participant
- when the sample is statistically proportional in terms of relevant characteristics to the actual population eg. if in 100 people 60% are boys and 40% are girls, in a sample of 10 there would be 6 boys and 4 girls
Define (ethical issues):
1. Informed consent
2. Deception
3. Confidentiality
4. Right to withdraw
5. Protection of participants
- Letting the participants know they are taking part in a study, and debriefing them afterwards if deception is necessary for the purposes of the experiment
- Tricking or leading participants to believe something false, and debriefing them afterwards if deception is necessary for the purposes of the experiment
- Protecting participants’ private identifiable information
- letting participants quit the experiment with no strings attached if they feel the need to do so
- not letting the participants to come to any physical or psychological harm, and reversing the effects if it is necessary to do so for the purposes of the experiment
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Reliability: the experiment can be repeated accurately
Validity: the experiment actually measures what it aims to measure
What is the difference between primary and secondary data?
Primary data: data collected by the researcher
Secondary data: data collected by unknown or second parties
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data?
Quantitative data: numbers, measurable data
Qualitative data: wordy data
What does SCOUT stand for and how is it used?
Supporting evidence
Contradicting evidence
Opposing theories
Usefulness (application in real life_
Testability (reliability or replicability)
Use to evaluate theories
What does GRAVE stand for and how is it used?
Generalisability
Reliability
Applicability
Validity
Ethics
Use to evaluate studies
