punctuations Flashcards by Danger Noob CODM

Terminal punctuation: period (AmE) / full stop (BrE) (.)
The period (.) is used to mark the end of two types of sentences:

Declarative sentences (sentences which give information)
I teach English.
We had pizza for dinner last night.
If it rains tomorrow, I’ll bring my umbrella.
Imperative sentences (commands or requests)
Please don’t feed the animals.
Let me know what time your flight arrives. If it rains tomorrow, bring your umbrella.

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Terminal punctuation: exclamation mark (!)
The exclamation mark (!) is

used to convey strong emotion:
I’m really excited about my new job. (no emotion)
I’m really excited about my new job! (excitement)
If you come to work late tomorrow, you’re fired! (anger)
Johnny, don’t play with your food! (strict command)
Ouch! You just stepped on my foot! (pain)
Wow! What a beautiful house!(amazement)

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Terminal punctuation: question mark (?)

The question mark (?) is used to mark the end of a question:
What do you do?
Are we allowed to feed the animals?
If it rains tomorrow, should I bring my umbrella?
Are you excited about your new job?
Who lives in that house?

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The sun rises in the east It sets in the west

The sun rises in the east. It sets in the west.

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I’m going to the supermarket Do you want to come along

I’m going to the supermarket. Do you want to come along?

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We will get in touch with you when we have a job opening

We will get in touch with you when we have a job opening.

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Why are you still here I told you to get out

Why are you still here? I told you to get out!

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Notice that there is no space between the last letter of a sentence and the terminal
punctuation mark.
If you put a space there, it’s wrong.
But, when you begin a new sentence, you should leave a space after the terminal mark, and
you should start the new sentence with a capital letter.

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Pauses: comma (,)

(a) Separate items in a list
Rule: Put a comma after every item except the last.
We need to buy milk, eggs, flour, and sugar for the cake.
The car is spacious, stylish, and affordable.
Why don’t you go upstairs, take a shower, and get ready to leave?

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Pauses: comma (,)
(b) Separate words that are not part of the sentence
Sentence adverbs:

unfortunately, frankly, hopefully, sadly, etc.
Unfortunately, he missed his flight.
Frankly, I don’t care whether she agrees with my decision or not.
Forms of address
Emma, can you come here and help me with this?
Sir, please have a seat.
Ma’am, can I get you something to drink?

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Pauses: comma (,)
(b) Separate words that are not part of the sentence
Formal letters and emails
Salutation (greeting)
(BrE) Dear sir, Dear madam,
Dear sir or madam, Dear Sita,
(AmE) Dear sir:
Dear madam:
Dear sir or madam: Dear Sita:
Closing
Yours faithfully, Yours sincerely, Yours truly, (less formal)

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Pauses: comma (,)
(c) Separate linking words: however, therefore, for example, etc.
Her parents wanted her to be a doctor. However, she had other plans.
Her parents wanted her to be a doctor. She, however, had other plans.
Her parents wanted her to be a doctor. She had other plans, however.
This is a great book. In fact, it is one of the best I have ever read.
This is a great book. It is, in fact, one of the best I have ever read.
This is a great book. It is one of the best I have ever read, in fact.

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Pauses: comma (,)
(d) Clauses
independent clause =
complete sentence

We went to the beach last weekend.

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Pauses: comma (,)
(d) Clauses
dependent clause = incomplete sentence

When Rahul gets home from work,

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Whenever you connect two independent clauses in the same sentence, you must put a comma
after the first one.
But that’s not enough.
You must use a word like ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’, or ‘so’ to connect the clauses
– these words are called coordinating conjunctions (coordinating just means connecting).

They offered him a promotion, and he accepted it immediately.

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Common error!
Comma splice: connecting two independent clauses with only a comma

They offered him a promotion, he accepted it immediately. XXXXXXXXXXXX mrid nta zid coordinate atbi

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Pauses: comma (,)

(d) Clauses: connecting dependent and independent clauses

dependent clause,
independent clause

If you study more, your grades might improve.

independent clause
dependent clause
(no comma)

I was so happy when I heard the news!

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In these, we have a special type of subordinate clause – the relative clause, also called
the adjective clause because it gives information about a noun.
A relative clause is introduced by a relative pronoun – who, which, whom, that or a relative
adverb like when, where or why.

essential relative clause: no comma
4. That lady is the scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics this year.
the relative clause can not be removed ( who won the Nobel Prize in Physics ) because the sentnce wont be complet

non-essential relative clause = comma
5. People love to celebrate New Year’s Eve, which is the last day of the year.

My friend Oliver, whom you met at the party, just got a job at Apple.

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Unless you finish your vegetables you can’t have any cake

Unless you finish your vegetables, you can’t have any cake.

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She was out looking for her dog all night but she couldn’t find him

She was out looking for her dog all night, but she couldn’t find him.

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The top three websites in the world are Google YouTube and Facebook

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The top three websites in the world are Google, YouTube, and Facebook.

Passengers must keep their seat belts fastened until the plane has landed

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Passengers must keep their seat belts fastened until the plane has landed.

People who live a sedentary lifestyle are at increased risk of heart disease

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People who live a sedentary lifestyle are at increased risk of heart disease.

The cheetah which can reach speeds up to 120 km/h is the fastest land animal in the world.

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The cheetah, which can reach speeds up to 120 km/h, is the fastest land animal in the world.

The popular movie star had a car accident last night Thankfully he escaped with a few minor injuries

The popular movie star had a car accident last night. Thankfully, he escaped with a few minor injuruies .

Pauses: semicolon (;) The semicolon (;) is used to combine closely related sentences: I went to see a movie with my wife. I thought it was amazing. She thought it was terrible. I thought it was amazing, but she thought it was terrible. I thought it was amazing; she thought it was terrible.

Pauses: semicolon (;) The semicolon (;) is used to combine closely related sentences: Conjunctive adverbs: however, therefore, for example, in fact, etc. Her parents wanted her to be a doctor. However, she had other plans. Her parents wanted her to be a doctor; however, she had other plans. This is a great book. In fact, it is one of the best I have ever read. This is a great book; in fact, it is one of the best I have ever read.

Pauses: colon (:) The colon (:)

introduces information after an independent clause. Lists In all of these examples, I want you to notice that before the colon, there is an independent clause or a complete sentence. This is very important. Danny's seafood restaurant specializes in four items: prawn, shrimp, crab, and lobster. Whenever you drive, you must do the following: wear your seat belt, obey traffic laws, and keep your eyes on the road.

colon (:)

In all of these examples, I want you to notice that before the colon, there is an independent clause or a complete sentence. This is very important. Let me make this very clear: if you fail another test, I'm taking away all your video games. I'd love to move to Japan, but there's one big problem: I don't speak any Japanesel

. Mr. and Mrs. Jones are very wealthy however they still live a simple life

. Mr. and Mrs. Jones are very wealthy; however, they still live a simple life.

There are two major issues facing our city today worsening poverty and increasing violent crime.

There are two major issues facing our city today: worsening poverty and increasing violent crime.

You don't have to eat the pudding if you don't like it.

The most important principle in business is this respect your customers

The most important principle in business is this: respect your customers

Each student learns in a different way. The teacher therefore must include activities that cater to various learning styles.

Each student learns in a different way. The teacher, therefore, must include activities that cater to various learning styles.

Apostrophe (') (a) Mark contraction: use apostrophe in place of omitted letters I'm a teacher. (I am...) She's waiting at the bus stop. (She is...) He'd never take a bribe. (He would...) Pedro doesn't like the idea. They aren't coming to the party. They're not coming to the party. does'nt XX REMOVE O doesn't ✔ They're'nt XX

(b) Mark possession: nouns that end in s

SINGULAR 1. Thomas' parents are coming to visit next week. ✔ Thomas's parents are coming to visit next week. ✔ SINGULAR 2. He said he quit and walked out of the boss' office. ✔ He said he quit and walked out of the boss's office. ✔ (plural) 3. The girls' new gymnastics coach is an Olympic gold medalist! ✔ The girls's new gymnastics coach is an Olympic gold medalist! X (plural) 4. I have seven years' experience as an English teacher. ✔ I have seven years's experience as an English teacher. X

Apostrophe (') (b) Mark possession: possessive pronouns yours hers ours theirs

1. That room is hers.✔ her's X 2. Is this book yours?✔ your's X 3. He is a friend of ours.✔ our's X 4. Our car is more spacious than theirs.✔ their's X

Apostrophe (') (b) Mark possession: possessive pronouns Its = possessive pronoun/determiner The dog wagged its tail. (tail of the dog) The company is planning to expand its operations in Asia. (operations of the company) It's = It is / It has It's time to start the meeting. (It is time...) It's been a while since we spoke. (It has been...)

Identify and correct the punctuation errors in these sentences: Do you sell USB cables. We do, but we do'nt have any at the moment I'm afraid

Do you sell USB cables? We do, but we don't have any at the moment, I'm afraid.

Identify and correct the punctuation errors in these sentences: The hat is Joans but the glasses are not her's.

The hat is Joan's, but the glasses are not hers.

Identify and correct the punctuation errors in these sentences: If you could marry any celebrity whom would you pick.

If you could marry any celebrity, whom would you pick?

Identify and correct the punctuation errors in these sentences: Please read this manual, before attempting to troubleshoot the printer.

Please read this manual before attempting to troubleshoot the printer.

Identify and correct the punctuation errors in these sentences: I cant believe that Amit who has always claimed to hate authority is going to be the new manager!

I can't believe that Amit, who has always claimed to hate authority, is going to be the new manager!

Identify and correct the punctuation errors in these sentences: Unfortunately she did not get accepted into the university, that was her top choice.

Unfortunately, she did not get accepted into the university, that was her top choice.

Identify and correct the punctuation errors in these sentences: That restaurant serves terrible food moreover the prices are ridiculously high!

That restaurant serves terrible food; moreover, the prices are ridiculously high!

Identify and correct the punctuation errors in these sentences: There are three things you must do in a job interview; be confident; act professional; and highlight your accomplishment's

There are three things you must do in a job interview: be confident, act professional, and highlight your accomplishments.

Use a hyphen (-) to join two or more words that serve as a single adjective before a noun. Examples:

well-known author kind-hearted woman brand-new television ⚫ chocolate-covered peanuts

Use a hyphen with compound numbers.

You should hyphenate compound numbers between 21 and 99 Examples: * Twenty-one * Eighty-three * Ninety-nine I have ninety-nine problems. twenty-three

Speech marks (") -> quoting what someone said

He stood up and said "I wouldn't do it if you paid me a million dollars." "Being lucky is more important than being talented," were the first words of her speech.

Parentheses () -> adding non-essential information to a sentence

Vladimir Mayakovsky (1893-1930) was one of the most famous poets of the revolution era. The percentage of under-30s doing regular exercise was lower (45%) than that of people over 45 (52%). Parentheses -> giving your reader options Write your suggestion(s) here. Try to avoid using parentheses to add longer ideas to your sentence. For example: ‘Consumption of processed meat (which has been linked to many diseases, including colon cancer) is rising in many parts of the world.’ This is not a good example of using parentheses. It would be better to add the additional information using commas or dashes instead.

Slash (/)

Forward slash is used to indicate the word 'OR' and can be used to separate the day, month and year. Please explain to the lawyer when he/she arrives.

punctuations Flashcards

(51 cards)