What is the normal frequency of bowel movements?
2–3 times/day to 3 times/week
Frequency of bowel movements can vary widely among individuals.
What are the characteristics of normal stool?
- Soft
- Formed
- Brown
- Passed without straining
These characteristics indicate healthy bowel function.
Which part of the nervous system increases GI motility?
Parasympathetic
The sympathetic nervous system inhibits GI motility.
List factors affecting bowel elimination.
- Age
- Diet
- Fluid intake
- Activity
- Medications
- Stress
- Pathologies
Each factor can significantly influence bowel function.
What are the causes of constipation?
- Immobility
- Dehydration
- Opioids
- Low fiber
- Ignoring urge
These factors can lead to hard, dry stools and infrequent bowel movements.
What are the risks associated with constipation?
- Fecal impaction
- Hemorrhoids
These complications can arise if constipation is not addressed.
What are the nursing interventions for constipation?
- Increase fiber/fluids
- Activity
- Fruit juices
- Stool softeners
- Scheduled toileting
These interventions aim to promote regular bowel movements.
What characterizes diarrhea?
- Increased frequency
- Loose stools
Diarrhea can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
What are the causes of diarrhea?
- Infection
- Tube feeding rate
- Antibiotics
- Food intolerance
Identifying the cause is crucial for effective treatment.
What are the nursing interventions for diarrhea?
- Hydration
- BRAT diet
- Perineal care
- Slow tube feedings if indicated
These interventions help manage symptoms and prevent complications.
What is fecal impaction?
Hardened stool lodged in rectum; may have paradoxical watery leakage
It often requires digital removal if enemas are ineffective.
Name the types of bowel diversions (ostomies).
- Ileostomy
- Ascending colostomy
- Transverse colostomy
- Descending/Sigmoid colostomy
Each type has different stool characteristics.
What should a stoma look like?
- Pink/red
- Moist
- Protruding 1–3 cm
Abnormal colors like dark or dusky indicate ischemia.
What is the recommended frequency for changing an ostomy appliance?
Every 3–7 days
Regular changes are essential for skin care and preventing breakdown.
What is the minimum urine output considered normal?
30 mL/hr minimum, 1500–2000 mL/day
Adequate urine output is crucial for kidney function.
What are the alterations in urinary elimination?
- Nocturia
- Polyuria
- Oliguria (<400 mL/24 hr)
- Anuria (<100 mL/24 hr)
- Dysuria
- Hematuria
These conditions can indicate underlying health issues.
What is the most common cause of UTIs?
E. coli
Women are at higher risk for urinary tract infections.
What are the types of incontinence?
- Stress
- Urge
- Functional
- Overflow
- Reflex
Understanding the type helps in management strategies.
What is the order of abdominal assessment?
- Inspection
- Auscultation
- Percussion
- Palpation
This order helps in systematic evaluation of abdominal health.
What are the normal bowel sounds?
5–30/min
Hypoactive sounds are less than 5/min, while hyperactive sounds are frequent and high-pitched.
What is the minimum score on the GCS indicating coma?
<8
The Glasgow Coma Scale assesses levels of consciousness.
What are the components of the GCS?
- Eye opening
- Verbal response
- Motor response
Each component is scored to assess consciousness levels.
What is the purpose of hot therapy?
- Vasodilation
- Decreases stiffness
- Increases circulation
It is used for muscle spasms and joint stiffness.
What is the purpose of cold therapy?
- Vasoconstriction
- Reduces pain
- Reduces swelling
- Reduces bleeding
It is applied for sprains and fractures.
