1
Q
Tissue
A
A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function
2
Q
4 different kinds of tissue
A
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
3
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
Covers exterior surfaces or lines cavities or passageways and forms certain glands
– It’s function is: protection
-Location: within the skin and the digestive tract
4
Q
Epithelium is named according to two characteristics
A
– By shape of cell
– By number of layers
5
Q
And epithelial cell that is flattened is called
A
Squamous
6
Q
An epithelial cell that is shaped as a cube is called
A
Cuboidal
7
Q
And epithelial shape that is tall is called
A
Columnar
8
Q
In an epithelial cell if there is only one cell layer it is said to be
A
Simple
9
Q
And an epithelial cell, if there’s more than one cell layer it is said to be called
A
Stratified
10
Q
Connective tissue
A
– Second type of tissue
-this tissue connects supports and binds other tissues or organs
– Includes: cartilage, blood, and bone
– Function: connect the parts of the body
– Location: blood vessels, skeletal system
11
Q
Bone
A
– Function: support and protection, stores calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)
– Location: skeletal system
12
Q
Blood
A
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances like nutrients and oxygen to the cells
- transports metabolic waste from the body
- Plasma: The liquid portion of blood; it is yellow in color
- formed elements: the solid portion of blood; it is dark red
13
Q
The formed elements (from blood)
A
Solid part of the blood:
- Erythrocytes: red blood cells(RBC’s), carry oxygen
- Leukocytes: white blood cells (WBC’s), fight infection
- Thrombocytes: platelets, help blood to clot.
14
Q
Three basic formed elements and blood:
A
– Red blood cell – White blood cell – Platelet (Normal blood) In between those formed cells is the plasma
15
Q
Three types of muscle tissue and its function
A
- Skeletal: connected to bones
- Cardiac: in the heart
- smooth: internal organs and blood vessels
Function of muscle tissue: movement
16
Q
Two types of cells that compose nervous tissue, function of nervous tissue, location of nervous tissue
A
- Neurons: carry electrical impulses
- Neuroglial cells: support and nourish neurons
Function of nervous tissue: to carry electrical impulses throughout the body
Location of nervous tissue: brain and spinal cord
17
Q
The integumentary system
A
Also known as the skin
18
Q
Functions of skin*
A
- protection
- thermoregulation
- cutaneous sensation
- production of vitamin D
- blood reservoir (stores extra blood)
- excretion
19
Q
Layers of skin from outside to inside:
A
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Subcutaneous layer -> fat
20
Q
Sublayers of epidermis from outside to inside:
A
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
21
Q
Stratum Basale
A
- deepest epidermal layer
- composed of a single row of living cells
- rapid cell division
- 10-25% of these cells are melanocytes (melanin producing cells of the skin)
22
Q
Stratum Spinosum
A
- just above stratum basale (sublayer)
- cells with spiny projections
- several layers of living cells
- cell division is slower than basale
23
Q
Stratum Granulosum
A
- just above Stratum Spinosum
- thin (3-5 cell layers)
- keratinocytes waterproof the skin here
- living layer of cells
24
Q
Stratum Lucidum
A
- 4th sublayer as you go up from the inside to the outside
- a clear layer
- dead cells
- located only in thick skin (palms of hands and soles of feet.)
25
Stratum Corneum
- outermost sublayer of the epidermis
- 20-30 cell layers thick
- makes up 3/4 of thickness of the epidermis
- dead cells
- protects
26
Dermis
- Just below the epidermis
- hair follicles, oil, and sweat glands
- sensory receptors are here
27
Functions of hair
- warmth; it prevents heat loss
- allows you to detect insects on the skin
- protection (physical injury, hair on head)
- filter particles
28
How many hairs in the scalp
about 100,000
29
how many hairs in a man's beard
30,000
30
where is hair located
all over the body except lips, nipples, parts of eternal genitalia, palms and soles.
31
rate of hair growth
2 mm/week
32
hair loss averages:
90 hairs/day
33
Alopecia
-hair thinning or baldness
34
Causes of hair loss:
- high fever
- surgery (anesthetics)
- severe emotional trauma
- certain drugs
- excessive vitamin A
- chemotherapy drugs
- radiation
- genetics
35
Most important causes of hair loss:
- poor nutrition (especially lack of enough protein)
| - hormonal imbalances)
36
Cancer
- uncontrolled cell division
| - over 100 different types of cancer
37
causes of cancer
- environmental
- diet
- heredity
- viruses
- idiopathic (unknown)
38
7 warning signs of cancer
CAUTION
- Changes in bowel or bladder habits
- A sore throat that does not heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thickening or lump in breast or somewhere else
- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- Obvious change in wart or mole
- Nagging cough or hoarseness
39
Types of skin cancer
- Basal cell carcinoma
- squamous cell carcinoma
- malignant melanoma
40
melanocytes
(melanin producing cells of the skin)
| -produces the pigment in your skin
41
Basal Cell Carcinoma
- The most common type of skin cancer
- occurs most often on the sun exposed areas of the face
- are shiny dome-shaped nodules
- the basal layer is the most active mitotic layer
- layer in which melanocytes are located
- slow growing, seldom there is metastasis
42
Metastasis
spreading of cancer cells to other areas of the body/beyond their original site
43
in 99% of cases ____ is the cure for Basal Cell Carcinoma
Surgery
44
Squamous cell carcinoma
- layer is mitotic, but not as active as the basal layer.
- originates in keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
- occurs most often on scalp, ears, and lower lip
- grows rapidly and will metastasize if not removed
45
Keratinocyte
water-proofing cells in stratus spinosum
an epidermal cell that produces keratin.
46
Malignant Melanoma
- Most dangerous/deadly kind of skin cancer
- orignates in the melanocytes located in basal layer
- spreads rapidly
47
ABCDE rule of Malignant Melanoma
A-Asymmetry: two halves of mole do not match
B-Border irregularity: edges are jagged
C-Color: color is not uniform
D-Diameter: The spot is larger than 6mm in diameter
E-Evolution: a mole that has gone through recent changes (in color or size)
48
Most common procedure/surgery for Malignant Melanoma
MOHS surgery Mole is removed and they check the edges for cancerous cells, and if there are cancerous cells they go back in and cut them our
49
Tumor
an abnormal mass of cells in normal tissue
50
Benign Tumor
an abnormal mass that remains at original site
51
Carcinoma
Cancer that originates in coverings f the body such as skin or linings
52
Sarcoma
cancer that originates in the supportive tissue such as bone, cartilage or muscle
53
Leukemia
Cancer of white blood cells
54
Radiation Therapy
treatment of cancer using X-rays
55
Chemotherapy
treatment of cancer using chemical agents
56
Kaposi's Sarcoma
A Sarcoma often seen in AIDs patients because of their compromised immune system
57
Burns
Damage to the skin or deeper tissues caused by the sun, hot liquids, fire, electricity or chemicals.
58
If you go to tanning beds when you are young your risk for developing melanoma is increased by ____%
75%
59
1 person a/an _____ dies from melanoma
hour
60
_ million Americans are treated for burns each year
______ Americans die each year from burns
2 million; 12,000
61
2 Most important problems with Burns
- Loss of body fluids
| - Infection
62
Loss of body fluids with burns
- the first and most immediate prob with a burn, can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
- if not stopped, renal shutdown and circulatory shock can occur (Occurs within the first 24 hours.)
63
Rule of nines*
- helps assess how much fluid was lost and how much is needed to replace it
- allows you to estimate amount of surface area involved
64
Rule of Nines percentages of body surface area
```
Anterior Trunk-18%
Posterior Trunk- 18%
Each Leg-18%
Each Arm-9%
Head and Neck-9%
Perineum(genitals)-1%
```
65
Infection with burns
- Not an issue in the first 24 hours (area is sterile from high temp.)
- After 24 hours, bacteria in the air invade the open wound
- IV antibiotics are necessary
66
First degree burn
- involves only the epidermis
- symptoms: redness, warmth, tenderness and pain. heals in 2-3 days. EX: sunburn
- treatment: aloe plant
67
Second degree burn
- Involve the epidermis and the upper dermis
- Symptoms: similar to first degree, but also include blisters. heals within 3-4 weeks. little to no scarring.
- both 1st and second degree burns are called "partial thickness burns"
68
Third degree burn
- called a "full thickness burn" because it involves the entire thickness of the skin, both epidermis and the whole dermis (are destroyed)
- Symptoms: burned area can be white, red, or black.
- initially there is no edema
- no pain
- skin grafting is necessary
- scarring occurs
69
home remedies for burns
- aloe
- tea bags
- tumeric
- plantain leaves
- honey
- cold water
- tea tree oil/ lavender oil
70
edema
swelling
71
Treatment for third degree burn involves
-the burned skin must be debrided
(removed)
-a living bandage temporarily covers the area
72
What is a critical burn?
- a 2nd degree burn that covers 30% or more of the body
- a 3rd degree burn that covers 10% or more of the body
- a 3rd degree burn to the feet, hands, or face (because it can affect walking, working, and breathing.)
- a high voltage burn
73
Treatments for more severe burns
- IV Fluids
- N-G tube
- G-tube
- Hyperalimentation
74
Why are IV fluids imp for treatment of severe burns?
-the most immediate problem in someone who has had a critical burn is the loss of body fluids, IV fluids correct electrolyte imbalance, deliver medications and replace fluids the person has lost.
75
N-G tube
- Naso-gastric tube
| - the tube goes through the nose and into the stomach to feed a person
76
G-Tube
- Gastric tube
- Tube inserted through the abdomen and directly into the stomach to delivery nutrients/food
- Burn patients need so many calories for tissue repair
- used for children as well to receive the fluid and calories they need to grow.
77
Hyperalimentation
- procedure in which nutrients and vitamins/food that has already been broken down and are in liquid form are given through a vein
- only given to patient who cannot get nutrients through the intestinal tract.
78
How many calories a day will a burn patient need:
anywhere from 5,000 to 10,000 calories a day because they need additional calories for the repair process to occur
-problem is most of them have no appetite
BIO 125
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