1
Q
What is the number of protons in the nucleus called? The ____ number
A
Z = atomic number
2
Q
What is the number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus called? The ____ number
A
A = mass number
3
Q
What is the number of neutrons in the nucleus called? The ____ number
A
N
4
Q
____ determine the chemical behavior of atoms and are associated with energy
A
electrons
5
Q
The ___ shell is the innermost shell and has ____ max electrons
A
K and 2
6
Q
The ___ shell is the 2nd shell from the nucleus and has ____ max electrons
A
L and 8
7
Q
The ___ shell is the 3rd shell from the nucleus and has ____ max electrons
A
M and 18
8
Q
The max number of electrons an atom’s shell has is determined by the equation:
A
2n²
9
Q
atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons
A
ions
10
Q
atoms that have the same number of
protons but different numbers of neutrons. Mass has also increased
A
isotopes
11
Q
nuclides having the same neutron number but different proton and mass number.
Chemically different: Mo-98 and Tc99. Both have 56 neutrons
A
isotones
12
Q
Nuclides having same
mass, proton, neutron but different energy levels.
Metastable and have a
measurable half-lives: Tc99m, Tc99
A
isomers
13
Q
nuclides having the same mass but different proton and neutron numbers.
Different elements: Mo-99 and Tc99
A
isobars
14
Q
A ____ particle is
made up of two protons and two neutrons. It
is the same as a helium nucleus = 2He
A
alpha (α)
15
Q
a fast moving high energy electron released from the nucleus when
a neutron changes into
a proton plus electron
A
beta (β)
16
Q
a wave of energy, no significant mass, no charge, has the greatest amount of KE and the most penetrating
electromatic waves
A
gamma (γ)
17
Q
The heavier the particle, the ____ the ionization energy
A
less
18
Q
Rank beta, gamma, alpha particles from highest to lowest ionization energy
A
LOWEST - gamma
MIDDLE - beta
HIGHEST - alpha
19
Q
the less ionization a particle causes…..the ____ energy they lose
the more ionization a particle causes…..the ____ energy they lose
A
less
more
20
Q
What material is
sufficient to absorb
alpha particles?
A
paper
21
Q
What material is
sufficient to absorb
beta particles?
A
a few mm of aluminum
22
Q
What material is
sufficient to absorb
gamma rays?
A
several cm of lead
23
Q
If a radioisotope that emits alpha radiation is used, no particles can be detected outside the body…..why?
A
alpha particles will be stopped within a few cm of soft tissue –> the internal organs will be seriously damaged
24
Q
Unit of electrical charge of 1 electron or proton?
A
e = 1.602 X 10^(-19) coulombs
25
the kinetic energy acquired by an electron(or proton) after being accelerated through a
potential of one volt
eV
26
true/false: 1 keV is when 1 electron falls thru a potential difference or 1000v
true
27
the difference between the mass of an object and the sum of the masses of its constituent particles
mass defect
28
___ is the number of
electrons each shell can
contain, where n= the
number of energy shells
with the closest to the
nucleus a 1 and proceeding
outward numerically
____ is the number of orbits per shell
2n²
2n-1
29
____ is the random process in which one nuclei PARENT will spontaneously disintegrate to another DAUGHTER nuclei.
radioactivity
30
_____ is the energy required to remove
a single proton, neutron or alpha particle from the
nucleus: sum of the mass of protons, neutrons as they
would exist separated and the equivalent energy of the
mass of the nucleus itself
also the E required to remove an e- from orbit
binding E
31
______ law is that like charges repel and unlike attract
Coulomb's law
32
The ______ rule states that although an element has the same number of protons and neutrons and a ratio of 1:1.....it is not stable. Ex: F-18
even-odd rule
33
34
_____ is the emission of a positively charged
electron from the nucleus that proton rich PET AGENTS:
Rb-82, F-18, O-15, N-13 etc.
positron decay
35
_____ is an alternate to B+ emission
P+ + e- > n
a proton captures an orbital e-
accompanied by characteristic and Auger electrons.
Too few neutron, too many protons
electron capture (EC)
36
____ is when an e- is captured by the nucleus from an electron shell accompanied by an emission of a gamma ray and x-ray
electron capture (EC)
37
___ is when an INNER shell electron is removed by one of the previously mentioned processes, an outer shell electron drops down to fill the
vacancy
characteristic x-ray
38
____ is an alternative to x-ray emission; the OUTER shell electron is emitted instead
Auger electron
39
____ is when emitted gamma rays ( from EC) knock loose an orbital electron called a conversion electron
internal conversion
40
____ emission occurs when radioactive decay leaves the nucleus to an excited level
and the energy must be released so that the nucleus can return to ground state
gamma
41
decay schemes
42
these are in appendix D in NMT review
43
1 Gy = ____ rad
100
44
1 cGy = ___ rad
1
45
10 mCi = _____ MBq
370 MBq
46
20 mCi = ___ Bq
0.74 Bq
47
The dose equivalent for occupational whole-body exposure is commonly limited to 50 mSv. How many rem is this?
50 mSv = 5 rem
48
true/false:
a disintegration is an absolute
event that took place. Depending upon detector efficiency, we may or may not be able to detect the event. 1 count may therefore not represent 1 disintegration due to crystal inefficiency and suboptimal counting geometry.
true
49
1 MBq = ____ mCi = ____ uCi
0.027 mCi and 27 uCi
50
51
____ is the energy absorbed by 1 kilogram of biological tissue which has the same effect as one gray of the absorbed dose of gamma radiation
Sievert
52
_____ are the traditional unit for absorbed dose
Rads (radiation absorbed dose)
53
_____ is a measurement of radioactivity and radioactivity is the disintegration per unit (dps) of a radioactive source
Becquerel
54
how do you convert cpm to dpm?
Dpm = (gross cpm- background cpm) / (efficiency as a decimal)
55
____ is obtained from a sample counted in a well counter demonstrate the number of events (photons) detected by the instrument
cpm (counts per minute)
56
______ represents the actual
amount of radioactivity present on a survey swab
dpm
57
the dpm will be _____ than the cpm because efficiency of the well counter is less than 100%
greater than
58
The ______ half life is the period of time required to reduce the radioactivity level of an organ or the whole body to exactly one half its original value due to both elimination and decay
half-life used to estimate the patient’s radiation dose
after administration of a radiopharmaceutical. The effective half-life takes into account both the physical and biological half-lives
effective half life
59
The ____ half life is the time required for half of the original
number of atoms to decay.
time required to reduce
the radioactivity level of a source to
exactly one half its original value solely due to biological elimination
half-life is unchanging over time. It will remain the
same no matter the environment
physical
60
The _____ half life is defined as the time required for the body to eliminate 50% of an administered dose
half-life varies from patient to patient, because it
is affected by metabolism, pathological conditions, radiochemical impurities, age, function of the excretory system, etc
biological
61
what is the effective half life calculation?
62
How to determine physical vs. biological vs. total effective half life?
1/Teff = 1/Tbiol + 1/Tphy
63
5 mBq is _____ kBq and _____ GBq
5000 kBq and .005 GBq
64
The ____ represents the fraction decaying per unit of time and is defined as follows = (0.693 / t)
decay constant
65
___ is defined as
the activity per unit mass. It is unrelated to concentration in solution. Activity must be a term related to mCi or disintegrations and mass must be a gram or mole term.
specific activity
66
the expression for fraction remaining for radioactive decay?
67
We hold
radioactive waste for 10 half-lives before discarding it. What fraction of the original activity remains?
0.5^10 ---> 0.000976
68
Nuclides with the same atomic number (Z or same #p+) but different numbers of neutrons are called _________.
isotopes
isotoPes = ZZ top = same Z
69
Nuclides with the same atomic mass (A or same #p + n) but different atomic numbers are called _____________.
isobars
bArs = same A
70
Two Nuclides with the same number of neutrons but different atomic numbers are called
_____________.
isotones
isotoNes = same N
71
A nuclide that emits particulate or photon
energy to achieve a more stable energy
state
radionuclide
72
Another name for a helium ion containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons?
alpha particle
73
In 2 words or less.....what is a beta particle?
an electron
74
Why are alpha and beta
particles not used for
imaging?
they do not exit the body efficiently and cannot be detected
75
What ratio of protons to
neutrons favors beta
decay?
A LOW p:n ratio as compared with stable nuclei
76
What two particles are
emitted during beta decay?
a beta particle (e-) and an antineutrino
77
What is the relationship between the mean energy and maximum energy of a beta spectrum?
the mean E is 1/3 of the max E
78
What ratio of p:n favors
positron decay?
HIGH p:n ratio
79
What particles are released
from the nucleus during
positron decay?
a positron and a neutrino
80
What is the minimum amount of nuclear energy required positron decay?
1.02 MeV
81
what is the fate of a positron?
travels a short distance, combines with an e- and is annihilated
82
When a positron is annihilated via combination with an electron, the result is the production of__________?
2 nearly opposed 511 keV particles
83
What ratio of p:n favors
electron capture decay?
a HIGH p:n ratio
84
What particle is released from the nucleus during EC decay?
a neutrino
85
What is released from the
nucleus during IT (isomeric
transition)?
gamma rays
86
Other than wavelength, frequency, and energy intensity, the fundamental difference between X-rays and gamma rays is _______?
x-rays are produced by energy released due to changes in ORBITAL ELETRONS
gamma rays are produced from E shifts in the NUCLEUS
87
When energy from a nuclear transition
results in the emission of an orbital electron
rather than a gamma ray, this process is
called _______________
internal conversion (IC)
88
Internal conversion electrons increase the
radiation dose to the patient because
_______________.
energy from the electron is absorbed within the patient's body
89
90
When the energy from an orbital transition
results in the emission of an orbital electron
rather than an X-ray, the electron is
called___________.
Auger electron
91
____ is a very low energy e- emitted by radionuclides that decay by electron capture
Auger electron
92
What does the term metastable mean?
When an isomeric state is long-lived (i.e. longer than 10^
-12 seconds)
93
After an electron is ejected from an inner shell
orbital, what occurs?
Outer shell electrons release energy by moving to now unoccupied less energetic inner
orbitals; the energy released by this transition characteristic of X-
ray radiation.
94
What are the two methods to create synthetically
radioactive materials?
bombarding a target material with ions or neutrons
95
A _______ is used to bombard elements with
NEUTRONS.
nuclear reactor
96
A _______ is used to bombard elements with
PROTONS.
accelerator (linear or cyclotron)
97
Name 5 common cyclotron–produced
radionuclides
In-111
Ga-67
Tl-201
I-123
F-18
98
Name 5 common reactor–produced radionuclides
Mo-99
I-131
Xe-133
Sm-153
P-32
99
What is a carrier-free isotope?
A radioisotope that does not contain any nonradioactive species
100
_____ is the rate of disintegration of a radionuclide
activity
101
The unit of radioactivity equal to 3.7 x 10^10 disintegrations per second is called ______.
the Curie (Ci)
102
One becquerel is equal to _____ disintegrations per second?
1
103
What does the term “specific activity” mean?
the ratio of activity
per unit mass (i.e. mCi/mg,
mCi/mole)
104
The time it takes a radionuclide to decay to one-half its original activity is called its_________________ half-life.
physical half life
105
What is the relationship between physical half-
life and the decay constant?
\=0.693/t
106
By what method does Tc99m decay?
isomeric transition
107
The positron-emitting radionuclides 11-C, 13-N, 15-O, and 18-F are all produced by a ______________.
cyclotron
108
Which of the following
statements are true about
Bremsstrahlung radiation?
A. It occurs when a beta particle is deflected and slowed in its path.
B. There is a low probability of occurrence when shielding beta particles with lead.
C. Its probability increases when shielding betas with materials that have a high Z number.
D. It is the method used to produce x-rays in CT scanners
A, C, and D are all true
B is not true
109
For the photoelectric effect
to occur, the energy of the
incident photon must be
____ than that of the binding energy of the orbital electron.
GREATER
110
The probability of PE interaction occurring depends on the energy of the _____ and the _____.
incident ray
atomic number of the material
111
What happens to the
incoming photon in the
photoelectric process?
it is completely absorbed
112
In Compton Scattering, the
energy of the emitted
electron is_______ in relation to the energy of the incoming electron?
LESS THAN the energy of the incoming photon
113
Pair production is always
followed by what?
annihilation
114
What is an alternative process
to the emission of a
characteristic x-ray called?
Auger effect
115
An Alpha particle is similar to what?
a He atom minus its electrons
116
Which absorber would be best to use to
shield strontium-89?
12. Which absorber would be best to use to
shield strontium-89?
a) Cardboard
b) No shielding is required
c) Lead
d) Plexiglass
e) Paraffin
d) plexiglass
Sr-89 is a PURE beta emitter
117
Which of the following statements is true when transient
equilibrium occurs between Mo99 and Tc99m?
a) The Mo99 and Tc99m activities are equal
b) The maximum amount of Tc99m activity is present
c) The ratio of Mo99 and Tc99m activities remains
constant
d) Tc99m and Mo99 have the same decay constant
e) The maximum amount of Mo99 is present
c) the ratio of Mo99 and Tc99m activities remains constant
118
127 millicuries is equivalent to how many
gigabecquerels?
a. 0.003 GBq
b. 4699 GBq
c. 3430 GBq
d. 4.70 GBq
e. 4925 GBq
d) 4.70 GBq
119
All of the following statements about the
HVL are true except:
a. One HVL reduces the radiation intensity to
half its original value.
b. One HVL of lead will absorb the same
amount of radiation as one HVL of aluminum.
c. One HVL absorbs 50% of the photons
emitted from a radiation source.
d. Two HVLs reduce the radiation intensity to
one quarter its original value.
e. One HVL of lead is the same thickness as
one HVL of aluminum
e. One HVL of lead is the same thickness as
one HVL of aluminum IS WRONG
120
A wet column generator is equipped
with all of the following parts except
a(n):
a. alumina column
b. lead shield
c. saline supply
d. collection port
e. charging port
e) charging port
121
10 millisieverts is equivalent to how many
milliRems?
a. 0.1
b.1,000
c.100
d.1
e.10,000
b) 1000
122
Which of the following materials is the best choice for shielding
32P?
A.Lead
B.Aluminum
C.Plastic
D.No shielding is required For 32P
E.Tungsten
c) plastic
it is a pure beta emitter
123
15 mRem is equivalent to how many mSv?
A.0.15
B.0.015
C.0.0015
D.1.5
E.15
a) 0.15
124
ALL OF THE FOLLOWING UNITS ARE EXPRESSIONS OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL SPECIFIC ACTIVITY EXCEPT:
A) μCi/mg
B) kBq/mL
C) Ci/g
D) MBq/mol
E) mCi/ug
B
125
X-rays are produced:
I. as a result of the transition of atomic electrons from one orbit to another
II. as a result of an e- getting ejected from orbit after absorbing a portion of a photon's E during compton scatter
III. from a deacceleration of passing charged particles as they interact with other charged particles usually as a result of columbic electrical interactions.
a) I only
b) I and II
c) I and II and III
d) II and III
e) I and III
e) I and III
126
Which interactions with matter predominates in shielding and detector cystals/PMT?
a) Rayleigh scatter
b) pair production
c) Photoelectric effect
d) compton scatter
c) Photoelectric effect
127
linear energy transfer refers to:
a) amount of E deposited locally (not lost to energetic electrons, delta rays, or radiative loss) per unit length
b) the E that is lost when an excited radionuclide decays from 1 energy level to another while retaining the same Z and N numbers
c) the rate at which a material causes a charged particle to lose E (per unit length of matter)
d) the number of nuclear transformations - decays or disintegrations - per unit time
a) amount of E deposited locally (not lost to energetic electrons, delta rays, or radiative loss) per unit length
128
In the decay 68Ge32 + e- ----> AGaZ + xray
a) A = 68 Z = 31
b) A = 67 Z = 33
c) A = 68 Z = 33
d) A = 67 Z = 31
129
The most expedient form of protection from radiation in most cases is:
a) distance
b) concrete shielding
c) lead shielding
d) time
130
NMTCB registry prep class 4623
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
# Cards
-
Isotopes (half life, E, MOP, collimator, Rad type)20
-
Bone Review29
-
Lung Review43
-
Infection + Inflammation Review49
-
Radiopharmacy0
-
Instrumentation QC66
-
Radiation Physics130
-
Radiation Safety0
-
Interventional Pharmaceuticals19
-
GI Review32
-
Renal review64
-
Endocrine review71
-
Hepatobiliary review44
-
Exam 1 (green book)23
-
Oncology + PET review84
