Radio Navigation

Question 1

Radio Navigation is best defined as:
A. Navigation using visual references only
B. Navigation using aircraft instruments & radio-based navigation aids
C. Navigation dependent solely on GPS
D. Dead-reckoning based on wind correction

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A wave is best described as:
A. Energy stored without movement
B. A progressive disturbance that travels through a medium carrying energy
C. Only present in sound waves
D. Always constant regardless of friction

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Radio wave energy decreases due to:
A. Refraction
B. Diffraction
C. Atmospheric expansion
D. Friction/attenuation

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Crest to crest measurement is called:
A. Cycle
B. Amplitude
C. Wavelength
D. Intensity

Answer 4

C

Question 5

A radio wave is:
A. Mechanical vibration needing air
B. Electromagnetic radiation created or received using antennas
C. Only VHF and UHF signals
D. Not used for navigation

Answer 5

B

Question 6

Receiver, Transmitter, and Transceiver antennas belong under:
A. Radio Navigation wave properties
B. Radio equipment classifications
C. Wave propagation
D. Instrument errors

Answer 6

B

Question 7

Height of a wave (signal strength) refers to:
A. Frequency
B. Amplitude
C. Attenuation
D. Cycle Rate

Answer 7

B

Question 8

High Frequency (HF) is best associated with:
A. Short wavelength, high energy
B. Long wave, weak signal
C. Used for NDB
D. No atmospheric skip

Answer 8

A

Question 8

Low Frequency (LF) waves are correctly described as:
A. Short wavelength, high energy
B. Long wavelength, low energy
C. Mid-range energy used for VOR
D. Unaffected by terrain

Answer 8

B

Question 9

Which band does VOR operate?
A. HF
B. VHF
C. MF
D. UHF

Answer 9

B

Question 10

Space waves primarily travel:
A. Near ground curvature
B. Straight line, line-of-sight
C. Only at night
D. With echo only

Answer 10

B

Question 10

Radio waves that follow Earth’s surface are called:
A. Space waves
B. Sky waves
C. Ground waves
D. Pulse waves

Answer 10

C

Question 11

Radio waves returning to earth by ionospheric reflection are:
A. Space waves
B. Sky waves
C. Ground waves
D. Omni waves

Answer 11

B

Question 12

Refraction means:
A. Bending due to medium change
B. Loss due to weak power
C. Bouncing off surfaces
D. Splitting into two signals

Answer 12

A

Question 13

The oldest nav system still used today:
A. VOR
B. GPS
C. ADF/NDB
D. DME

Answer 13

C

Question 14

ADF receives NDB signals typically at:
A. 108–118MHz
B. 415–1750kHz
C. 3–30MHz
D. 30–300MHz

Answer 14

B

Question 15

NDB operates generally within:
A. LF & MF frequency range
B. VHF only
C. HF military band
D. UHF controlled band

Answer 15

A

Question 16

NDB transmission pattern:
A. Directional beam
B. Omni-directional (all directions)
C. V-shaped forward only
D. Always pulsed

Answer 16

B

Question 17

For ADF to track properly, aircraft uses:
A. Antenna + Morse decoder
B. ADF antenna + receiver + indicator
C. VOR receiver
D. DME interrogator

Answer 17

B

Question 18

Two antenna types in ADF:
A. Fixed & rotating
B. Directional & Sense antenna
C. Omni & variable
D. Loop & satellite

Answer 18

B

Question 19

Magnetic Heading (MH) refers to:
A. Where the station is relative to aircraft
B. Direction aircraft nose points
C. Station radial
D. Magnetic bearing outbound only

Answer 19

B

Question 19

Relative Bearing (RB) measured from:
A. Station to aircraft
B. Aircraft nose clockwise to station
C. Magnetic north always
D. Compass rose fixed at 90° only

Answer 19

B

Question 20

MBto = MH + RB. If result > 360: subtract ___.
A. 90
B. 270
C. 360
D. 180

Answer 20

C

Question 21

MBfrom = MBto ± ___.
A. 360
B. 180
C. 90
D. Variation

Answer 21

B

Question 22

Fixed-Card ADF always displays ___ on top. A. MH B. 0°/North C. Station direction D. RB + MH

Answer 22

B

Question 23

In Fixed-Card ADF, needle directly shows: A. MBto B. RB C. MH D. Track error

Answer 23

B

Question 24

Movable-Card ADF is manually set to: A. RB B. Station variable phase C. Magnetic Heading on top D. Aircraft drift angle

Answer 24

C

Question 25

In Movable-Card ADF, needle reads: A. RB B. MBto directly C. MH only D. Only MBfrom

Answer 25

B

Question 26

VOR radials are based on: A. True North B. Magnetic North C. Compass deviation D. Cardinal variation

Answer 26

B

Question 26

VOR accuracy: A. ±10° B. ±1° C. ±4° D. ±6°

Answer 26

B

Question 27

Frequency range of VOR: A. 108–117.95 MHz B. 3–30MHz C. 30–300kHz D. 400–900MHz

Answer 27

A

Question 28

VOR transmission consists of two signals: A. Pulse + ground B. Reference phase + Variable phase C. Omni + sky wave D. ADF + DME

Answer 28

B

Question 29

T-I-T before using VOR stands for: A. Transmit-Inhibit-Track B. Tune-Identify-Test C. Track-Instrument-Time D. Turn-Intercept-Track

Answer 29

B

Question 30

VOR ground checkpoint allowable error: A. ±1° B. ±4° C. ±6° D. ±10°

Answer 30

B

Question 31

VOR airborne checkpoint tolerance: A. ±1 B. ±4 C. ±6 D. ±10

Answer 31

C

Question 32

VOT test should always yield: A. 270° radial regardless position B. 360° radial everywhere C. Variable radial output D. No bearing output

Answer 32

B

Question 33

Sensitivity test requires twisting OBS ___ with full CDI deflection. A. 5° B. 10° C. 20° D. 90°

Answer 33

B

Question 34

VOR requires line-of-sight meaning: A. Signals reflect off mountains B. Coverage blocked by terrain/curvature C. Works underground D. Unaffected by altitude

Answer 34

B

Question 34

Ambiguity test — twisting OBS ___ causes OFF flag. A. 5° B. 10° C. 60° D. 90°

Answer 34

D

Question 34

You want Radial 040, aircraft is right 8°. Current radial? A. R032 B. R048 C. R228 D. R004

Answer 34

B

Question 35

GOING FROM station — select Course until indicator shows ___ then center CDI. A. TO B. FR C. OFF D. RMI

Answer 35

B

Question 35

Reverse Sensing happens when: A. Using wrong inbound/outbound course B. No Morse identification C. High ionosphere reflection D. Dual needle conflict

Answer 35

A

Question 35

Zone of Ambiguity usually around: A. 090 radial only B. When CDI shows TO/FROM confusion C. When antenna overheating D. Low sensitivity failure

Answer 35

B

Question 36

Cone of Confusion occurs: A. Far outside coverage B. Overhead station — CDI fluctuates C. Under mountain shadow D. Low-altitude only

Answer 36

B

Question 37

GOING TO station — Course set until ___ appears then center CDI. A. FR B. TO C. OFF D. RMI

Answer 37

B

Question 38

Desired inbound radial 240, aircraft left 6°. Actual? A. R246 B. R234 C. R060 D. R120

Answer 38

A

Question 39

Longest wavelength & lowest energy belongs to: A. SHF B. EHF C. VLF D. VHF

Answer 39

C

Question 40

Frequencies increasing in order (lowest → highest) is: A. VHF → LF → SHF B. LF → MF → HF → VHF C. VLF → MF → HF → UHF D. MF → VLF → HF → EHF

Answer 40

B

Question 41

Sky wave propagation is most associated with: A. VHF communication towers B. Ionospheric reflection allowing long distance C. Ground curvature D. Space wave line-of-sight

Answer 41

B

Question 42

Pulse/Echo propagation is primarily used in: A. VOR B. ADF C. Primary radar D. NDB

Answer 42

C

Question 43

A complete VOR airborne setup must include: A. Antenna + VHF NAV Receiver + Indicator B. Indicator only if TO is shown C. GPS overlay with ADF Sense antenna D. Transceiver + Transponder only

Answer 43

A

Question 44

The purpose of the CDI (Course Deviation Indicator) is to: A. Identify station via Morse B. Show position relative to selected course C. Display Magnetic Heading only D. Compute ground speed

Answer 44

B

Question 45

In VOR instrumentation, the index reference for reading radials is the: A. CDI needle B. Course index/top index C. Ident tone D. Glideslope marker

Answer 45

B

Question 46

Which type of VOR is intended for short-range, terminal area use? A. High VOR B. Low VOR C. Terminal VOR D. Universal VOR

Answer 46

C

Question 47

High-altitude VOR is designed for routes including: A. Surface operations only B. Enroute and high-level flight C. Below 5,000ft only D. ADF overlay only

Answer 47

B

Question 48

A VOR symbol on charts typically shows: A. Square with a dot B. Hexagon with dot in center C. Carrier wave symbol D. Circle with NDB tail

Answer 48

B

Question 48

A Low-altitude VOR is usable approx: A. 100–200 NM B. 40–80 NM C. 10–25 NM D. 25–40 NM (was included lang for extra knowledge)

Answer 48

B

Question 49

A VOR-DME symbol differs by having: A. No dot B. Box around the hexagon C. A square or notch under symbol D. Arrow triangle on edge

Answer 49

C

Question 50

On aeronautical charts, VORTAC is shown as: A. Triangle only B. Hexagon with DME square + TAC circle combined C. Circle with spikes D. Dot with 4 radials

Answer 50

B

Question 51

Fixed-Card ADF MH = 110° RB = 065° MBto = ? A. 045° B. 175° C. 065° D. 110°

Answer 51

B

Question 52

Movable-Card ADF Card is set to MH = 270° Needle points 310° What is RB? A. 40° B. Cannot be determined C. 310 – 270 = 40° D. 90°

Answer 52

C

Question 53

If Magnetic Heading is 045 and Relative Bearing 315, bearing TO is: A. 360° B. 045° C. 360 - 45 D. 045 + (315) = 360°

Answer 53

D

Question 54

When CDI is centered and TO flag appears: A. You are inbound to the station B. You are outbound only C. Ambiguity mode D. Outside coverage

Answer 54

A

Question 54

Reverse sensing most often happens when pilot: A. Uses correct OBS B. Tracks inbound using outbound radial C. Turns toward CDI needle D. Monitors ident tone

Answer 54

B

Question 55

Cone of confusion results in instruments showing: A. Full CDI deflection stable B. Rapid fluctuating TO/FROM C. No ident D. No bearing change

Answer 55

B

Question 56

The CDI needle represents: A. Radial you WANT B. Radial you ARE ON C. Relative Bearing D. Compass variation

Answer 56

B

Question 57

The donut symbol on VOR diagrams represents: A. The station B. The aircraft C. TO pointer D. Intercept angle

Answer 57

B

Question 58

When radio wave energy gradually reduces as distance increases, the primary cause is: A. Dispersion B. Attenuation C. Refraction D. Resonance

Answer 58

B

Question 59

Which part of a radio wave determines its signal strength? A. Cycle B. Wavelength C. Amplitude D. Frequency band

Answer 59

B

Question 60

Which antenna type can transmit AND receive? A. Receiver antenna B. Transmitter tower C. Transceiver D. Loop antenna only

Answer 60

C

Question 61

A complete wave movement from one crest to the next crest is called a: A. Phase B. Cycle C. Segment D. Carrier tone

Answer 61

B

Question 62

Medium Frequency range is mainly used for what navigation aid in the document? A. VOR B. ADF/NDB C. TACAN D. GPS augmentation

Answer 62

B

Question 63

VHF is highly suitable for line-of-sight navigation because it has: A. Poor clarity B. High attenuation C. Short wavelength, less bending D. Dependence on ionosphere

Answer 63

C

Question 64

A transmission that bends to evenly wrap around terrain is best described as: A. Ground wave diffraction B. Sky wave skip C. Space wave scattering D. Pulse echo shadow

Answer 64

A

Question 65

If the ADF sense antenna is disabled, the indicator may show: A. 180° bearing reversal B. No signal at all C. Heading increases automatically D. Stronger VHF lock

Answer 65

A

Question 65

An aircraft flying long distance over ocean may benefit from which radio wave type reflecting off the ionosphere? A. Space wave B. Sky wave C. COSMIC wave D. Short-range beam wave

Answer 65

B

Question 66

A radar altimeter relies on what type of wave mechanism? A. Sky refraction B. Ground scattering C. Pulse/Echo timing D. Continuous ground wave

Answer 66

C

Question 67

An ADF needle pointing to 300° on a movable card set to MH 240° gives which type of information? A. Relative bearing B. Magnetic bearing TO station C. Variation value only D. Track error

Answer 67

B

Question 68

Why does VOR avoid sky-wave distortion compared to NDB? A. It uses a higher VHF frequency B. It transmits stronger wattage C. It modulates phase instead of amplitude D. It uses dual loop antennas

Answer 68

A

Question 69

Which VOR type would typically support enroute high-altitude flight over long distance? A. Terminal VOR B. Low VOR C. High VOR D. VORTAC only

Answer 69

C

Question 70

A pilot seeing a hexagon with a dot inside AND a square marking below is identifying: A. VOR only B. VOR-DME C. NDB D. TACAN only

Answer 70

B

Question 71

A combined TACAN + VOR facility displayed on charts is referred to as: A. VORTAC B. VODAC C. NAVTAC D. TACVOR

Answer 71

A

Question 72

Which step of T-I-T prevents navigation error from tuning the wrong station? A. Tune B. Identify C. Test D. Transfer

Answer 72

B

Question 73

A VOR signal may disappear behind mountains because: A. Ionosphere blocks VHF B. VOR requires line-of-sight C. Phase modulation overload D. Attenuation only affects LF

Answer 73

B

Question 74

Overhead station, CDI may oscillate rapidly due to: A. Cone of Confusion B. Sky wave skip C. Frequency split D. NDB interference

Answer 74

A

Question 75

A pilot tracking inbound with the reciprocal course set may experience: A. Improved accuracy B. Reverse sensing C. No CDI movement D. Higher VOR signal

Answer 75

B