Random

Question 1

What can palpation tell you about a patient?

Answer 1

• temperature
• spasms
• swelling
• crepitus
• synovitis
• effusion
• haematoma

Question 2

What is the groin triangle and why is it important?

Answer 2

• runs from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle (inguinal ligament), adductor longus medially, and sartorious laterally
• pain above suggests abdominal, laterally suggests abductors, medially suggests adductors

Question 3

Where is the sacroiliac joint?

Answer 3

connects the sacrum to the ileum

Question 4

What is the hip joint capsule?

Answer 4

a strong, fibrous sheath that encloses the hip joint, providing stability and limiting range of motion

Question 5

What is the Obturator
foramen?

Answer 5

The large opening in the pelvis needed to provide a passage for the obturator nerve and blood vessels into the thigh

Question 6

How is a male and female pelvis different?

Answer 6

• male pelvis is more triangular whereas a females is more circular
• allows for childbirth

Question 7

If a pelvis breaks, it often breaks in two places, why?

Answer 7

Because the pelvis is a closed, circular ring structure, when there is high-impact force the energy travels through the ring causing a second break

Question 8

Where do the hip bones fuse together?

Answer 8

acetabulum which forms the socket of the hip joint

Question 9

What does the pubic symphysis do?

Answer 9

connects the left and right pubic bones

Question 10

What major nerve passes deep to gluteus maximus?

Answer 10

inferior gluteal nerve

Question 11

What and where is the ligamentum teres?

Answer 11

connects the head of the femur to the acetabulum

Question 12

What is a fabella?

Answer 12

Small sesamoid bone found behind the knee

Question 13

What are the metatarsophalangeal joints?

Answer 13

joints between the metatarsal bones and the proximal phlanges

Question 14

What are the interphalangeal joints?

Answer 14

joints between the phalanges

Question 15

What is the sustentaculum tali?

Answer 15

a horizontal bony ledge on the medial side of the calcaneus which supports the talus

Question 16

What is the spring ligament?

Answer 16

connects the calcaneus to the navicular bone - maintains the arch of the foot and supports the head of the talus

Question 17

How do you find the hip joint line?

Answer 17

find the mid point of the inguinal ligament then move 2cm down

Question 18

What is pes anserinus?

Answer 18

The common insertion point on the medial surface of the tibia just below the knee, where gracilis, sartorious and semitendinosus tendons insert
‘say grace before tea’

Question 19

Where does the deltoid ligament attach?

Answer 19

attaches to the talus, navicular and calcaneus

Question 20

Where do the lateral collateral ligaments attach?

Answer 20

the lateral malleolus on the lower aspect of the fibula

Question 21

What movements can be seen in the sagittal plane?

Answer 21

flexion and extension

Question 22

What happens to cells and collagen fibres in a tendinopathy?

Answer 22

Collagen fibres decrease in density in a tendinopathy, proteoglycans and cells increase

Question 23

Why does swelling occur in inflammation?

Answer 23

results from impaired reabsorption due to loss of plasma proteins from blood vessels

Question 24

What do mast cells do?

Answer 24

produce histamine which causes dilation of blood vessels in the inflammatory response

Question 25

What is mechanotransduction?

Answer 25

process by which body converts mechanical load into a cellular response

Question 26

What is the posterior cruciate ligament a restraint to?

Answer 26

posterior glide of the tibia

Question 27

What is an abnormal end feel?

Answer 27

Spongy end feel - at the knee is indicative of meniscal pathology

Question 28

What type of bone is the patella?

Answer 28

sesamoid bone - a bone embedded within a tendon or muscle (located within the quadriceps tendon)

Question 29

What does the patella consist of and what is its role?

Answer 29

- includes the base, inferior pole and medial and lateral joints - increases the lever arm of the quadriceps muscle group

Question 30

What happens to collagen during the remodelling phase?

Answer 30

type 3 collagen replaced with type 1

Question 31

What is active and passive insufficiency?

Answer 31

- Passive insufficiency - inability of a muscle to stretch across 2 joints - Active insufficiency - muscle can’t contract effectively because it’s already shortened across one joint

Question 32

What does SUFE affect and what does osgood schlatter affect?

Answer 32

- SUFE - epiphysis affected - end part of a long bone - Osgood schlatter - apophysis affected - bony outgrowth where tendons/ligaments attach

Question 33

What are the dorsiflexors?

Answer 33

Tibialis anterior Peroneus tertius Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus

Question 34

What are the plantar flexors?

Answer 34

Soleus Gastrocnemius Plantaris Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus

Question 35

What are the evertors?

Answer 35

Peroneus tertius/brevis/longus

Question 36

What are the inverters?

Answer 36

tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior

Question 37

What does tibialis anterior do?

Answer 37

eccentrically puts foot down slowly like airplane landing

Question 38

What type of joint is the ankle?

Answer 38

Hinge joint - 1 degree of freedom - dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Question 39

How should you assess dorsiflexion?

Answer 39

in non-weight bearing and weight bearing using knee to wall test

Question 40

How can you assess soleus?

Answer 40

Bend knee to relax gastroc to see impact only of soleus

Question 41

How does the type of tendon change the function?

Answer 41

Thin muscle thick tendon - mobility and speed of contraction Thick muscle thin tendon - strength

Question 42

Which muscle range produces the most force?

Answer 42

isometric - least overlap

Question 43

What is an end feel?

Answer 43

the sensation felt by a physio when taking a joint to the end of its available range

Question 44

What is a normal end feel for the hip?

Answer 44

in extension - hard elastic end feel (limitation caused by ligaments) in flexion - soft tissue approximation, stomach presses against the femur

Question 45

What might a springy end feel indicate?

Answer 45

if there is a loose body within the joint - usually a meniscal fragment

Question 46

What do iliacus and psoas do together?

Answer 46

join together to form iliopsoas tendon, this passes under the inguinal ligament to the lesser trochanter and when they contract they lift the femur up (or sit up)

Question 47

What are the 2 heads of rectus femoris and where do they come from?

Answer 47

straight and reflected - one comes from AIIS and one comes from just above the acetabulum

Question 48

What are the hip extension muscles?

Answer 48

gluteus maximus biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus

Question 49

What type of joint is the hip joint?

Answer 49

multiracial spheroidal synovial ball and socket joint with 3 degrees of freedom

Question 50

What does a positive trendelenberg show?

Answer 50

weak hip abductors

Question 51

What is another name for the hip joint?

Answer 51

coxal joint

Question 52

Where do the hip ligaments run from and to?

Answer 52

iliofemoral - AIIS to intertrochanteric line of femur pubofemoral - pubic ramus, blends with the iliofemoral ligament and attaches to the lower part of the intertrochanteric line ischiofemoral - ischium behind the acetabulum, merges with the joint capsule and attaches to the greater trochanter ligamentum teres - acetabulum to the fovea on the femoral head

Question 53

What are the roles of the hip ligaments?

Answer 53

iliofemoral - prevents excessive hip extension pubofemoral - limits abduction and extension ischiofemoral - prevents excessive extension and internal rotation

Question 54

What are GAG molecules?

Answer 54

big molecules that are electrically charged, absorb water and release it when needed (proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans)

Question 55

How can ageing affect gag chains?

Answer 55

limits their ability to absorb water so joints are not lubricated, proteoglycans lost

Question 56

How do gag chains work in articular cartilage?

Answer 56

allow cartilage to suck up water very well and able to absorb shock, when we stand and put weight on them the water is squeezed out - organised in all directions which gives cartilage the ability to withstand stress and strain from all directions

Question 57

What is the concave convex rule?

Answer 57

If the moving joint is convex, the joint surface moves in the opposite direction to the bodys movement If the joint moving is concave, the joint will move in the same direction as the bodys movement

Question 58

Complications of tissue healing

Answer 58

- delayed healing - chronic inflammation - excessive scar tissue formation

Question 59

Why do passive movements?

Answer 59

- Increases range of motion - Improve circulation - Prevents stiffening or weakening of muscles - Reduce pain

Question 60

Why do accessory movements?

Answer 60

- Assess range and symptom response - Reduce pain - Increase range of movement - Decrease muscle guarding

Question 61

What are mast cells?

Answer 61

- Release histamine → causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, leading to redness and swelling - Attract other immune cells

Question 62

What is the Q angle?

Answer 62

- straight line drawn through the tibial tuberosity - another line drawn from patella to the ASIS - the angle should be no more than 13 degrees in males and 18 in females - can assist with diagnosis of patella Mal-tracking

Question 63

SAID principle

Answer 63

Specific adaptation to imposed demand body adapts specifically to the demands placed upon it

Question 64

Wolff's law

Answer 64

It states that our bones become thicker and stronger over time to resist forces placed upon them and thinner and weaker if there are no forces to act against.