Random Test 1

Question 1

Metabolism Def

Answer 1

all reactions found in cells

Question 2

Types of Metablism

Answer 2

Catabolism-breakdown
-releases energy
Anabolism-synthesis
-requires energy

Question 3

ATP

Answer 3

Adenosine Triphosphate
Principle donor of free energy in biological systems
-energy currency of the cell

Question 4

Hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 4

the cleavage of 2 phosphoanhydride bonds (Phosphodiester bonds that yield energy (exergonic)

• Ortho and pyrophosphate produced
• orthophosphate is stabilized by resonance

Question 5

Phosphoryl Transfer Potential

Answer 5

Measure of how readily an organic molecule will transfer a phosphate group
-determined by measuring G0’ o hydrolysis of phosphate group

Phosphoenolpyruvate
1,3-BPG
Creatine Phosphate

used to regenerate ATP

Question 6

Why does ATP have such a high Phosphoryl Transfer potential?

Answer 6

1 Resonance stablization

• ADP and Pi are more stable than ATP
  2) Electrostatic repulsion
• at pH of 7.4 ATP is more negative so repels more, thus hydrolysis reduces
  3) Stabilization due to Hydration
• Water is able to bind to ADP + Pi more efficiently than ATP

Question 7

How much ATP in humans

Answer 7

Human= 100g ATP/ADP/AMP

• Resting=40,000g/24 hrs
• Exercising= 500g/min

Question 8

NAD+

Answer 8

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

• coenzyme
• function-electron carrier-oxidation of fuel molecules in synthesis-H, 2e-, H+
• Vit precursor is niacin
• deficiency=pellegra

Question 9

NADP+

Answer 9

Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide phosphate
-coenzyme
-function-electron carrier for reduction of biosynthesis
Hydride Ion (H:) + 2e- and + Proton H+
-Vitamin precursor-niacin
-def=pellegra

Question 10

FAD

Answer 10

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

• coenzyme
• function-electron carrier-oxidation of fuel molecules in ATP synthesis
• vitamine precursor riboflavin (vit b2)
• -def=cheliosis and angular stomatis

Question 11

CoA

Answer 11

• coenzyme
• Fx: carries acyl groups-linked to SH by thioester bond
• vit precursor-pantothenate
• def-hypertension

Question 12

Vitamins

Answer 12

Organic molecules that are needed in small amounts of diet of some higher animals
-many (not all) enzymes are metabolized into coenzymes

Question 13

Another Name for Glycolysis

Answer 13

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

Question 14

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency in RBC’s

Answer 14

RBC lack mitochondria

• thus can’t undergo Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation
• only relies on Glycolysis for energy (ATP)

Pyruvate Kinase deficiency causes a confromational change due to insufficient energy resulting in hemolytic anemia

Question 15

Pyruvate-> Ethanol

Answer 15

Anaerobic- Fermentation

• occurs in cytoplasm
• microorganims such as yeast

pyruvate-> Acetaldehyde + CO2
-Pyruvate Decarboxylase
-TPP=Prosthetic group
Spontaneous (exergonic)

Acetaldehdye-> Ethanol

• Alcohol Dehydrogenase
• NADH oxidized to NAD+
• cofactor-Zn2+
• regnerates NAD+

Question 16

GLUTs

Answer 16

• facilitate independent diffusion (tranport) with concentration gradient across plasmamembrane
• 14 isoforms
  a) single polypeptide composed of 500 amino acids
  b) 12 transmembrane alpha helixes
  c) expression depends on tissue

Have different Km/Different affinities depending on where they are located
-some are dependent/independent of insulin

Question 17

Glycolysis in Cancer cells

Answer 17

In cancer cells, glycolysis often acts anaerobically (Fermentation), even in the presence of oxygen
-called anerobic glycolysis or Warburg effect

Question 18

Gluconeogenesis Def and types

Answer 18

The new synthesis of glucose
-NOT THE REVERSE OF GLYCOLYSIS
2 types:
anabolic-synthesis from noncarbohydrate precursors
conversion-synthesis from other carbohydrate (5 or 6 C)