What are emblems?
Nonverbal gestures that directly translate to words.
Who organized the language of nonverbal behavior into five categories?
Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen.
What are the five categories of nonverbal behavior?
Emblems
Illustrator
Regulators
Self-adaptor
Facial expressions
What are illustrators in Ekman and Friesen’s five categories of emotion?
A nonverbal gesture that accompanies our speech, and often makes it vivid and visual.
What are regulators in Ekman and Friesen’s five categories of emotion?
Nonverbal behaviors that we use to coordinate conversation. Like turning to who you are speaking to.
What are self-adaptors in Ekman and Friesen’s five categories of emotion?
Nervous behaviors people engage in with no seeming intention, as if simply to release nervous energy. Like rubbing your neck.
What are the 3 markers of emotional expression?
- They’re brief
- Involve involuntary muscle actions
- Emotional expressions should have their parallels with other species.
What are Darwin’s three principles to explain why emotional expressions have the appearance they do?
Principle of serviceable habits, principle of antithesis, and principle of nervous discharge.
What is Darwin’s principle of serviceable habits?
Expressive behaviors that have led to rewards that will re-occur in the future. Showing aggression might scare off a threat.
What is Darwin’s principle of antithesis?
Holds that opposing states will be associated with opposing expressions. Expanding chest may be associated with confidence, whereas folding arms and shrinking are associated with frailty.
What the principle of nervous discharge?
States that excess, undirected energy is released in random expressions, such as face touches, leg jiggles, and the like. Or like rubbing your neck.
What was Darwin’s encoding hypothesis?
If emotions are universal, the experience of different emotions should be associated with the same distinct facial expressions in every society, worldwide.
What is Darwin’s decoding hypothesis?
If there are universal emotions, people of different cultures should interpret these expressions in the same ways.
What was Ekman and Friesman’s facial expression study?
They showed pictures of people pulling facial expressions to participants from different cultures.
People were very accurate.
What was the major criticism of Ekman and Friesman’s facial expression study?
People were used to seeing American facial expressions because lots of cultures view American media.
What is the gradient critique of the universal facial expressions hypothesis?
The results show gradients between the recognition of some expressions that are well recognized universally, and other expressions which are less recognized by other cultures.
What is the forced choice critique of the universal facial expressions hypothesis?
Participants were forced to label the expressions with a certain number of options.
What is the ecological validity critique of the universal facial expressions hypothesis?
Perhaps expressions portrayed in Ekman’s studies are not the kinds of expressions that people routinely judge in their daily lives.
What are markers of emotional expression?
Several characteristics that have been identified that differentiate emotional expressions from other nonverbal behavior.
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Reading 3 - Oatley11
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Reading 4 - S&K11
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Reading 519
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Lecture 1 Theories20
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Lecture 2 Theories20
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Reading 77
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Lecture 3 Debates16
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Lecture 4 Debates11
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Lecture 5 Facial Expressions14
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Contempt & Anger (2)17
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Shiota & Kalat 50-56 (2)8
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Shiota & Kalat (2)15
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Henniger & Harris (2)11
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Passionate Love (2)6
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Love (2)5
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Henniger & Harris (3)0
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Emotion Regulation - Gross (Final)10
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Forgiveness - McCullough (Final)5
