reading/writing

Question 1

Name and define the 3 types of buffers

Answer 1

1. orthographic output: holding graphemes in head as we write
2. phonological output: holding phonemes in head as we pronounce
3. phonological input: holding phonemes in head as we process meaning

Question 2

Dual route model of reading?

Answer 2

1. lexical/semantic route (meaning based)
2. grapheme to phoneme route (letter-sound based)

Question 3

Which route is the go-to for reading in an intact system?

Answer 3

Lexical/semantic route

Question 4

Describe steps for SILENT reading w lexical/semantic route (4)

Answer 4

1. print (input)
2. visual analysis/abstract letter ID
3. orthographic input lexicon
4. semantic system

Question 5

T or F: the visual analysis/abstract letter ID step encodes letter positions in isolation

Answer 5

False – in relation to others (e.g., RUBY vs BURY)

Question 6

Where are all sight words stored?

Answer 6

Orthographic input lexicon

Question 7

Describe steps for ORAL reading w lexical/semantic route (7)

Answer 7

1. print (input)
2. visual analysis/abstract letter ID
3. orthographic input lexicon
4. semantic system
5. phono output lexicon (stores all pronunciations)
6. phono assembly (word to phonemes)
7. speech (output)

Question 8

Pros (1) and cons (1) of non-lexical (assembled) reading route?

Answer 8

• pros: works well for reading non-words
• cons: doesn’t work well for words that don’t follow conventional letter-sound rules

Question 9

Describe the steps for ORAL reading w non-lexical (assembled) route (5)

Answer 9

1. print (input)
2. visual analysis/abstract letter ID
3. grapheme to phoneme conversion
4. phono assembly
5. speech (output)

Question 10

define the following reading errors:

a) regularization
b) lexicalization
c) visual/phonological
d) morphological
e) semantic

Answer 10

a) reading something according to typical sound rules (e.g., plaid as played)
b) reading non-words as a similar real word (e.g., adio as radio)
c) changing/omitting one sound (e.g., thread as tread)
d) adding a morpho marker (e.g., seize as seizes)
e) swapping for semantically similar word (e.g., cousin as nephew)

Question 11

diff bw central vs peripheral dyslexia?

Answer 11

• central: affects later stages of reading, lexical or non-lexical routes
• peripheral: affects earlier stages of reading, early analysis of letters/words

Question 12

Describe the steps for ORAL reading w lexical non-semantic route (5)
When is this route used?

Answer 12

1. print (input)
2. visual analysis/abstract letter ID
3. othographic input lexicon
4. phono output lexicon
5. speech (output)

used by some PWA when they read w/o comprehension (bypasses semantics)

Question 13

where is the impairment for PHONOLOGICAL DYSLEXIA? key features (3)? how to make it easier for ppl with this dyslexia?

Answer 13

• non-lexical (assembled) route (cannot do grapheme to phoneme conversion)
• impaired reading of nonwords and unfamiliar words
• lexicalization errors for nonwords, visual or morpho errors for words
• reading via meaning (better w concrete, imageable words of certain classes)

Question 14

where is the impairment for DEEP DYSLEXIA (2)? key features (4)?

Answer 14

• non-lexical (assembled) route (cannot do grapheme to phoneme conversion) + lexical semantic route
• semantic errors
• impaired pseudoword reading
• visual errors
• morpho errors

Question 15

deep dyslexia is a more severe version of…

Answer 15

phono dyslexia

Question 16

where is the impairment for SURFACE DYSLEXIA? key features (4)?

Answer 16

• lexical/semantic route… damage to any: ortho input lexicon, semantic system, phono output lexicon
• regularizations on exception words
• regular words better
• visual errors
• errors w visual + semantic overlap (e.g., cab for car)

Question 17

true or false: most dyslexias are mixed

Answer 17

true (~78%)

Question 18

what is pure alexia? (4)

Answer 18

• letters defined sequentially; name each letter then read word
• very slow
• short > long words
• may have diff w letter ID

Question 19

where is the impairment in alexia?

Answer 19

visual analysis / abstract letter ID

Question 20

what is neglect dyslexia? (2)

Answer 20

• impaired perception of orthographic forms NOT due to visual cut (but maybe neglect)
• visual errors – spatially consistent at either end of word (yellow = pillow, milk = chalk)

Question 21

what is visual dyslexia? (2)

Answer 21

• similar to neglect but no spatial consistency
• letter omissions, additions (e.g, applause = applesauce)

Question 22

where is the impairment for neglect and visual dyslexia?

Answer 22

letter analysis or orthographic input lexicon

Question 23

what is attentional dyslexia? (3)

Answer 23

• impairment in how words are perceived and analyzed (visual ortho analysis)
• errors on letter are based on interference from other letters in word
• migration errors (letters migrate from other words)

Question 24

most common dyslexias in PWA? (2)

Answer 24

• deep
• phono

Question 25

surface dyslexia is most commonly observed in ___

Answer 25

semantic dementia

Question 26

define the following alphabet types: a) direct b) complex c) consonantal d) syllabary e) non-alphabetic

Answer 26

a) 1:1 correspondence bw spelling and sound b) many irregular spellings c) vowels not represented d) syllables represented e) phonology not represented (no grapheme-phoneme conversion system!)

Question 27

why is it important to know the client's native language's alphabet type?

Answer 27

consider when making dx

Question 28

model for typical writing: define... a) orthographic output lexicon b) grapheme output buffer c) allographic conversion

Answer 28

1. orthographic output lexicon: stores all spellings 2. grapheme output buffer: memory of letter forms 3. allographic conversion: selection of letter shape

Question 29

what are the diff routes for writing? (3)

Answer 29

1. spontaneous writing (starts from semantic system) 2. writing picture/object names (starts from pic/object input) 3. writing from dictation (starts from speech input; 1) can go thru semantic or 2) bypass semantic and go from aud phono analysis to sound letter conversion or 3) bypass semantic and go from POL to OOL)

Question 30

which writing route is prone to regularization errors?

Answer 30

non-lexical (assembled) route (phoneme to grapheme conversion)

Question 31

diff bw central vs peripheral dysgraphia?

Answer 31

- central: linguistic system (earlier stages) - peripheral: motor system (later stages)

Question 32

define the following types of spelling errors: a) regularization / phono plausible b) non-phono plausible c) morpho d) semantic

Answer 32

a) writing something according to typical sound rules (e.g., snatch as snach) b) just wrong (e.g., said as siad) c) changes form of word (e.g., defect is defection) d) diff word (e.g., hours as time)

Question 33

define: a) allograph b) allographic conversion c) graphic motor program d) execution

Answer 33

a) letter(s) that represent a phoneme (multiple variations for same phoneme) b) selection of letter based on grapheme in buffer (case, font) c) codes of movement d) movement

Question 34

what errors would you see in allographic conversion level impairment (3)? oral spelling?

Answer 34

- spared oral spelling - in writing: subs similar letter forms - not phono plausible - cAsE MiXiNg

Question 35

what is apraxic dysgraphia?

Answer 35

- degraded motor programs

Question 36

what is motor nonapraxic dysgraphia?

Answer 36

- defective reg of movement, force, speed, and amp in handwriting (e.g., micrographia)

Question 37

what is spatial dysgraphia?

Answer 37

- difficulty using sensory feedback for writing - duplications, omissions - difficulty keeping line straight and maintaining spacing