Define syntactic roles + examples
- relationship bw parts of a clause
- subject, direct object, indirect object
Define canonical vs non-canonical sentence. Which is harder for PWA?
- canonical = active
- non-canonical = passive (harder for PWA)
Define surface vs deep structure
- surface = form
- deep = meaning
Define thematic roles + examples
- arguments of a verb
- agent (carries out action), theme (receives action), goal (direction)
Define verb arguments. What kind of verbs are harder for PWA?
- syntactic elements that complete verb’s meaning
- 3 arguments = harder for PWA
Define adjunct. Provide a sentence example
- nonobligatory argument which expands verb’s meaning
- e.g., John ate the cake [in the park]
Diff bw simple vs complex verbs? Which is harder for PWA?
- simple: argument structure is set (cannot switch agent/theme/goal)
- complex: changing argument structures (harder for PWA)
Define thematic roles
Who did what to whom
Define attribution of modification
Which adjective is associated with which noun
Define co-reference
What pronouns and reflexives are referring to (not always clear)
Define scope of quantification
Which items are quantified by negative/numerical elements (e.g., dozen)
Diff bw constrained/irreversible vs unconstrained/reversible
- cannot switch subjects
- can switch subjects
Name and define the 2 routes to sentence meaning
- syntactic route (parser): relies on semantics/syntax; slower but more accurate; prone to damage in PWA
- non-syntactic routes: a) heuristic (frequency-based) and b) lexico-pragmatic (uses world-knowledge/schemas)
Evidence for syntactic vs heuristic vs lexico-pragmatic routes?
- syntactic: garden path sentences
- heuristic: canonical word order
- lexico-pragmatic: irreversible > reversible
Model of sentence processing (garret, 1988) (5)
- message level (conceptual processing, non-linguistic)
- functional level (semantic selection, organizing the verbs)
- positional level (phonological selection, adding morphemes)
- phonetic encoding
- artic of sentence
Common functional level impairments (2) and how to assess (1)?
- diff selecting verbs and assigning thematic roles
- word order errors
- assess: sentence starters
Common message level impairments (3) and how to assess (1)?
- impairments in production + comprehension
- diff explaining relationships bw nouns/verbs
- many unlinked nouns
- assess: describe event vs non-event pictures
What tends to be omitted, free or bound morphemes?
Free morphemes
Common positional level impairments (2)?
- comprehension of +gramm structures but overuse of one
- word order errors
How can you assess sentence production beyond convo speech? (3)
- narrative tasks
- picture description
- constrained elicitation tasks (“start with ___”)
Diff bw agrammatism (5) vs paragrammatism (3)?
- agrammatism: -sentence length, -morphemes, -verbs, -comprehension, simplified syntactic structure
- paragrammatism: +grammar but incorrect, subs morphemes, blends syntactic structures
Which aphasia is agrammatism vs paragrammatism associated with?
- broca’s
- wernicke’s
Define mapping deficit hypothesis. Bw which levels is this issue?
- diff with assigning thematic roles to parts of sentences
- issue bw functional + positional levels
Bw which levels is the mapping issue in sentence comprehension?
Positional to functional
