Remembering Time

Question 1

Tulbing said: Knowledge about “temporal dated episodes or events, and temporal-spatial relations among these events” - emphasis on what?

Episodic Memory

Answer 1

• Emphasis on episodic memories having a what, where, and when (focus for this unit)

Question 2

Prospective

An important distinction

Answer 2

• Individuals know before an event that they will subsequently be asked to make a temporal judgement
• Because of this, though to be driven predominately by attention

Question 3

Retrospective

An important distinction

Answer 3

• Individuals are only made aware of needing to judge time after an event
• Comes as a ”surprise test”

Question 4

Measuring Time in the Lab - 3 ways OVERVIEW

Answer 4

1. Laboratory experiments
2. Real world
3. Virtual Reality

Question 5

Labratory Experiments - include (4)

Measuring Time in the Lab - 3 ways

Answer 5

• Computer based paradigms
• Images, animations, videos, and narratives

Question 6

Real World

Measuring Time in the Lab - 3 ways

Answer 6

When people are already doing something, and we just ask them about time in whatever activity they’re doing

Question 7

Virtual Reality

Measuring Time in the Lab - 3 ways

Answer 7

• Individuals experience the event themselves
• Can actively be in control opposed to just watching a video
• Also more immersive

Question 8

Traditional Lab Studies - can include… (4)

Answer 8

• Narratives - people recounting their narratives to us, and can bring them back at different times at the lab to see how this changes
• Some have utilized music
• Images + animations
• Videos

Question 9

Studies in the world - 2 examples

Answer 9

• Famous study on existing skydivers: “How long did your jump feel?”
• Amusement park: “How long did your rollercoaster ride feel?”
• Some can use the real world AND some control

Question 10

VR examples of studies

Answer 10

Google streetview images

Question 11

Common structure of studies

Answer 11

Retrospective, i.e. participants not knowing beforehand that they’ll be asked to recall

Question 12

2 Pros of Real World Studies

Answer 12

• High external validity
• Greater generalizability

Question 13

3 Cons of Real World Studies

Answer 13

• Low control
• Hard to get at mechanisms
• Difficult to replicate

Question 14

3 Pros of lab studies

Answer 14

• Large degree of control
• Allows probing mechanisms
• Easier replication

Question 15

2 Cons of lab studies

Answer 15

• Limited external validity
• Can induce demand characteristics

Question 16

3 Pros of VR

Answer 16

• High degree of control
• Immersive
• Life-like

Question 17

4 Cons of VR

Answer 17

• Expensive
• Slow development
• Can make replication more difficult
• External validity?

Question 18

Types of ‘When’ Memory - OVERVIEW (4)

Answer 18

1. Temporal Source
2. Temporal Order
3. Tempoeral Distance
4. Temporal Duration

Question 19

Temporal Source

Types of ‘When’ Memory

Answer 19

• Q1 – What animal was in the purple box?
• Identifying when something happened in a given event or series of events
• Binding a thing (what) to its context (where/when)

Question 20

Temporal Order

Types of ‘When’ Memory

Answer 20

• Q2 - What animal came after the fish?
• When something occurred in the event (E.g. Put them in order)

Question 21

Temporal Order - Study Example

Types of ‘When’ Memory

Answer 21

• Looked at patients with medial temporal lobe damage
• Patients and control group did 25 min walk → 11 planned events occurred
• Temporal order deficit in patients
• Controls: Chronological order of events was intact
• Patients: Recalled order of events unrelated to chronological order

Question 22

Temporal Distance

Types of ‘When’ Memory

Answer 22

• Q3 - How many animals were there between the cat and whale?
• How far something is from the present
• How far a set of things are from each other

Question 23

Temporal Distance: What happens to distance when you have brain damage? (STUDY)

Types of ‘When’ Memory

Answer 23

• Participants viewed 25 images
• Presented with 10 pairs of images and asked to make distance judgement
• Patients impaired overall on the temporal distance task
• Relationship predicted by recognition memory

Question 24

Temporal Duration

Types of ‘When’ Memory

Answer 24

• Q4 – How long was each animal presented for?
• How much time elapsed for a given interval
• In retrospective paradigms duration is ‘constructed’

Question 25

Temporal Duration - **Different ways to measure duration (5)** ## Footnote Types of ‘When’ Memory

Answer 25

* Interval timing * Match the interval (quasi-retrospective); Shorter vs. Longer?; Scalar (1 = very short, 7 = very long) * Open-ended * How long was X presented for? * How long was this event?

Question 26

What is event segmentation?

Answer 26

* Refers to **parsing (or segmenting) a continuous activity or event into meaningful smaller events** * Research suggest we do this automatically * Medial temporal cortex (and others) ## Footnote EX: someone building a tent, but can break this into smaller, more meaningful parts (EX: 1 - taking it out of the bag, 2: assembling the poles…)

Question 27

Importance of event segmentation: Temporal Source

Answer 27

* Consider Temporal Source - asking “What animal was in the “purple event”” opposed to “purple box” * The purple box is then a **Fine grained event** (little component of a larger experiment)

Question 28

Importance of Event Segmentation: Temporal Order and Distance

Answer 28

Coarse grained event (focusing on the larger experiment — details like the color of the box won’t matter)

Question 29

Duration and Compression

Answer 29

* Memories are **summary reconstructions** — I.e. when you recall something, you don’t remember every single detail (like remembering only 7 of 10 details) * This means that your memories are **temporally compressed** (shortened + concise): two types — how much you remember from the event, or how to relive them (ex: re-watching your lecture) * Study found an Inverse relationship between recalled moments (events) and compression: More recalled moments = increased duration (less compression)

Question 30

Emotion, Duration, and Compression

Answer 30

* Overall compression * Compression sparing for emotional events — which were recalled as being just a bit longer than neutral

Question 31

Importance of Time (4

Answer 31

* Classical/Pavlovian Conditioning: Binding of US and CS happens through temporal contiguity * Operant Conditioning: Learning occurs through binding of consequence that follows an action * Prediction: Temporal learning essential to prediction

Question 32

Time is important for Decision Making

Answer 32

* Temporal discounting: Tendency to **overvalue/prefer sooner rewards** over later ones * **Retrieving positive memories, Imagining future positive events, and overall better memory** reduces temporal discounting

Question 33

Memory?

Question 34

Importance of Event Segmentation: When thinking back through **Retrospective**, what exactly are we using to remember/draw things from the event?

Answer 34

We draw from EVENTS!