Renal

Question 1

Which diagnosis? Hyaline casts

Answer 1

Concentrated urine

Question 2

Which diagnosis? Granular casts

Answer 2

Proteinuria

Question 3

Which nephrotic syndrome? Associated with HBV

Answer 3

Membranous Glomerulopathy

Question 4

Which nephrotic syndrome? Associated with HIV

Answer 4

FSGS

Question 5

Tx Hypo-osmolar Hyponatremia- Hypervolemic

Answer 5

Na/H2O restriction, diuretics

Question 6

Tx Hypo-osmolar Hyponatremia- Euvolemic

Answer 6

Water Restriction

Question 7

Tx Hypo-osmolar Hyponatremia- Hypovolemic

Answer 7

IVF

Question 8

Rate of correction for hypernatremia

Answer 8

<1mEq/hr

Question 9

Rate of correction of hyponatremia

Answer 9

1-2mEq/hr up to 120, then 0.3-0.5mEq/hr

Question 10

Tx Central DI

Answer 10

Vasopressin

Question 11

Tx Nephrogenic DI (2)

Answer 11

Salt restriction, thiazide diuretic

Question 12

EKG changes in hypokalemia

Answer 12

U waves, flattened/inverted T waves

Question 13

EKG changes in hyperkalemia

Answer 13

flattened P waves, peaked T waves, widened QRS

Question 14

Which finding/electrolyte disturbance? spasms with tapping of facial nerve

Answer 14

Chvostek sign/hypocalcemia

Question 15

Which finding/electrolyte disturbance? carpal spasm with blood pressure cuff inflation

Answer 15

Trousseau sign/hypocalcemia

Question 16

EKG changes in hypocalcemia

Answer 16

Prolonged QT

Question 17

EKG changes in hypercalcemia

Answer 17

Shortened QT

Question 18

Tx Hypercalcemia (first-line)

Answer 18

IVNS

Question 19

Which diagnosis? Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis with positive urine anion gap

Answer 19

Renal tubular acidosis

Question 20

Which diagnosis? Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis with negative urine anion gap

Answer 20

GI bicarb losses, acid ingestion

Question 21

Urine Anion Gap =

Answer 21

Na + K - Cl

Question 22

Compensation chronic Metabolic acidosis

Answer 22

PCO2 = Bicarbonate + 15

Question 23

Compensation metabolic alkalosis

Answer 23

1HCO3/0.7pCO2

Question 24

Compensation Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 24

10pCO2 - 1HCO3 (acute) or 3.5HCO3 (chronic)

Question 25

Compensation Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 25

10pCO2 - 2HCO3 (acute) or 4HCO3 (chronic)

Question 26

What FENa? ATN

Answer 26

>2

Question 27

What FENa? Acute GN

Answer 27

<1

Question 28

What FENa? AIN

Answer 28

>2

Question 29

Tx Hepatorenal syndrome (3)

Answer 29

Albumin, Norepinephrine/midodrine, octreotide

Question 30

Goal Hgb in CKD

Answer 30

10

Question 31

Indications for phosphorous binders

Answer 31

>4.5

Question 32

Tx hyperphosphatemia in CKD

Answer 32

Calcium based if Ca*PO4 <55, non-calcium based if Ca*PO4 >55

Question 33

Which stones? Envelope shaped

Answer 33

Calcium oxalate

Question 34

Which stones? diamond/rhomboid shaped

Answer 34

Uric acid

Question 35

Which stones? associated with tumor lysis syndrome

Answer 35

Uric acid

Question 36

Which stones? coffin-shaped

Answer 36

Struvite (Mg-NH4-PO4 or CaCO3-apatite)

Question 37

Which stones? can form stag horn calculus

Answer 37

Struvite (Mg-NH4-PO4 or CaCO3-apatite)

Question 38

Which stones? Hexagonal stones

Answer 38

Cystine

Question 39

Which stones? reduced incidence with increased calcium intake

Answer 39

Calcium oxalate

Question 40

Which stones? AR inheritance

Answer 40

Cystine

Question 41

Which stones? Associated with Klebsiella or Proteus UTI

Answer 41

Struvite (Mg-NH4-PO4 or CaCO3-apatite)

Question 42

Dx Nephrolithiasis

Answer 42

Non-contrast CT (or US)

Question 43

Nephrolithiasis indication for urology consult

Answer 43

size >7mm

Question 44

Tx nephrolithiasis >7mm

Answer 44

Tamsulosin (or CCB)

Question 45

Tx recurrent cystine or uric acid stones

Answer 45

Potassium citrate (raises urine pH)

Question 46

Tx recurrent calcium oxalate stones

Answer 46

HCTZ, potassium citrate